Term
| What are the two layers of the external abdominal fascia? |
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Definition
| Campers and Scarpa's, anterior to posterior. |
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Term
| What is the superficial inguinal ring made of? What two nerves and other structure exit through it? |
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Definition
| The aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique. The genitofemoral and ilioinguinal nerves and spermatic cord (in men) exit through it. |
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Term
| What two structures share the conjoint tendon? |
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Definition
| External oblique and transversus abdominus |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical line formed by the rectus sheath. Is BLOODLESS. |
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Term
Match the layer of the anterior abdominal wall to the layer of spermatic cord.
1. External Abdominal Oblique
2. Internal abdominal oblique
3. Transversus Abdominus
4. Transversalis Fascia
5. Parietal Peritoneum |
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Definition
1. Ext. Spermatic Fascia
2. Cremasteric Fascia, cremaster muscle
3. No involvement
4. Int. Spermatic Fascia
5. Tunica Vaginalis |
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Term
| Where do the gonads develop? What germ layer do they come from? What are the interstitial (Leydig) cells? |
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Definition
| Posterior abdominal wall high up in the lumbar region. Testes descend to scrotum, ovaries to pelvis. Intermediate Mesoderm. Leydig cells arise from intermediate mesoderm between the seminiferous cords. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fibrous ligament connecting the developing testes to the ant abd wall near the deep inguinal rings. Also involved in DESCENT OF TESTES. |
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Term
| How do inguinal canals contribute to testicular development? |
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Definition
| They form pathways for teh testes to descend from their intra-abdominal position THROUGH THE ANT ABD WALL. |
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Term
| What's the processus vaginalis? |
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Definition
| Evagination of the peritoneum develops ventral to gubernaculum and carries fascial abdominal layers along |
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Term
| List 5 landmarks in testicular descent. |
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Definition
3rd Month: iliac fossa
7th month: deep inguinal ring
8th month: superficial inguinal ring
9th month: upper part of scrotum
Birth: lower scrotum |
|
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Term
| List four factors responsible for testicular descent. |
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Definition
Hormonal (gonadotropic) reaction
Differential growth (elongation of upper body causes relative mvt)
Gubernaculum testes
Intraabdominal Pressure |
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Term
| Do the testes pass through the processus vaginalis or posterior to it? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| List the key contents of the spermatic cord. |
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Definition
| testicular artery, cremasteric artery, symp. nerve fibers, genital br. of genitofemoral nerve, lymphatic vessels, remnants of processus vaginalis |
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Term
| What CAUSES cryptorchism? |
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Definition
| A defective gubernaculum or hormonal failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testes in abnormal locations--thigh, abdominal wall, perineum or pubis. Due to abnormal tails of the gubernaculum. |
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Term
| Where does a direct inguinal hernia (congenital) go and why can it go there? |
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Definition
| An intestinal loop herniates into the CAVITY of the TUNICA VAGINALIS through the UNCLOSED PROCESSUS VAGINALIS. |
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Term
| What causes a hydrocele? What's the difference between "encysted hydrocele of the cord" and "congenital hydrocele"? |
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Definition
| In an encysted, the hydrocele is relatively cut off from both the tunica vaginalis and the peritoneum--ie, both sides have obliterated. A congeital hydrocele is due to an unclosed processus vaginalis. |
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Term
What are the remnants of the gubernaculum in females? In males?
What is the persisting remnant of the tunica vaginalis in females? |
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Definition
In females it's the ovarian ligament and round ligament of the uterus. In males, the epididymoscrotal ligament.
The Canal of Nuck |
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Term
| Doing an appendectomy, which nerve should you be careful not to cut? |
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Definition
| The iliohypogastric. NOT ilioinguinal--is lower towards iliac spine |
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Term
| You're cutting towards the appendix. List the layers you pass through. |
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Definition
Skin
Camper's Fascia
EOA
IOA
Transverus Abdominus
Transversalis Fascia
Peritoneum
Appendix |
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Term
| What causes pain in a hernia? Which nerve? |
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Definition
| Intestine passing through the ring. ILIOINGUINAL NERVE. |
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Term
Where does indirect inguinal hernia go?
Which hernia is lateral to the inferior epigastrics and which are medial to the inferior epigastrics? |
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Definition
It HAS to go through the DEEP RING.
A direct hernia is medial to the inf epigastrics and pushes against the conjoined tendon, occasionally pushing through the superficial ring. |
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Term
Transversalis fascia gives rise to which spermatic layer?
EAO gives rise to which layer?
IAO? |
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Definition
Transversalis=internal spermatic fasciae
EAO-External Cremasteric Fascia
IAO-Internal Cremasteric Fascia |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hernia that passes under the inguinal ligament |
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Term
| Which nerve is responsible for the cremasteric reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
What level is the appendix innervated at?
What type of nerve fibers carry pain sensation during periumbilical pain?
When the appendix touches the body wall, what type of nerve is carrying the pain? |
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Definition
T10.
Visceral afferents to the DRG
Somatic afferents from parietal peritoneum (body wall) to DRG. |
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Term
| If you hear appendicitis or McBurney's point, what nerve should you think of? |
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Definition
| ILIOHYPOGASTRIC. But be aware that numbness of the anterior pubic symphysis and the scrotum is the ILIOINGUINAL. |
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Term
| What is rebound tenderness? |
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Definition
| Doctor attempts to elicit pain by creating a wave effect in the abdominal cavity. Used to Dx appendicitis. |
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Term
| Ligamentum teres. Where, what's it a remnant of? |
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Definition
| Found in the liver, part of the Falciform ligament, remnant of the UMBILICAL VEIN. |
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Term
| What is the Pouch of Douglas? |
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Definition
| aka the Recto-Uterine pouch, where fluid will accumulate when pt is upright |
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Term
| Which abdominal organs are 2ndarily retroperitoneal? |
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Definition
| Pancreas, Duodenum (2nd, 3rd, 4th parts), Ascending colon, descending colon, rectum |
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Term
| Which organs are 2ndary retroperitoneal? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What abd organs are primary retroperitoneal? |
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Definition
| Aorta, vena cava, kidneys, ureter, sympathetic trunks |
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Term
| What's the Morrison's Pouch? |
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Definition
| aka Hepatorenal recess, it's a peritoneal fold b/w posterior peritoneal fold of kidney. It's the most gravity-dependent area (for fluid) in the supine position. |
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Term
| What birth defect is associated with maternal rubella infection? Does this defect occur more frequently in males or females? |
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Definition
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus, more often in females. |
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Term
| What birth defect is associated with Down's Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Atrial Septal Defect, PRIMUM type. |
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Term
| What are the diagnostic signs of placenta previa? |
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Definition
| Lower-than-expected hCG, abdominal pain combined with missed period in sexually active females |
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Term
| What condition results in autosomal non-disjunction? What conditions result from sex-linked non-disjunction? |
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Definition
| Autosomal=Down Syndrome (Trisomy); Sex-linked=Turner's Syndrome (XO) or Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY). |
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Term
| What's the Nagele rule for calculating pregnancy due date? How else can you calculate it? |
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Definition
Nagele=subtract 3 months from LMP, then add 1 year and seven days.
Or just add 280 days from the first day of the last period, or 266 from day of fertilization. |
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Term
| What condition results in hypoplasia of the mandible and zygomatic bone, a down-slanting palpebral fissure (the slanting between the lower and upper eyelids), and a malformed ear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition leads to hypoplasia of the mandible, cleft palate, Glossoptosis (downward displacement/retraction of the tongue) and possible respiratory difficulty? What is the cause of this disease? |
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Definition
| Pierre-Robin Syndrome, likely due to oligohydramnios. |
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Term
| What medical condition causes partial or complete absence of the thymus and parathyroid glands? What are the consequences and what are the causes? |
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Definition
DiGeorge Syndrome, which can lead to hypoparathyroidism and increased susceptibility to infection.
Causes can be genetic, alcohol-related, or due to maternal diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
| Monozygous twins, in utero, share one _______, one ______ sac and two _____ sacs. |
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Definition
| Placenta/chorionic sac/amniotic sacs |
|
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Term
| What is twin transfusion syndrome? Is it a symptom of monozygous or dizygous twins? |
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Definition
| Due to placental vascular anastomoses, one twin receives more blood and is thus larger than the other, although both may die. It occurs in monozygous twins. |
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Term
What is the embryological origin of
1. Ligamentum Teres
2. Ligamentum Venosum
3. Ligamentum Arteriosum
3. Medial umbilical ligament and superior vesical arteries? |
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Definition
1. Left umbilical vein
2. Ductus Venosus
3. Ductus arteriosus
4. Medial umbilical ligament and superior vesical arteries. |
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Term
| What about premature birth can result in patent ductus arteriosus? |
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Definition
| Hypoxia and low birth weight |
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Term
Which lobe is superior, caudate or quadrate?
Which drains into both right and left lobes? And does the one that drains into only ONE lobe drain into the left, or the right? |
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Definition
| The caudate lobe is the superior lobe. IT drains into both right and left lobes. The quadrate is inferior and drains into ONLY the LEFT lobe. |
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Term
| For liver biopsy, the needle is inserted between which ribs, in the mid-____ line? |
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Definition
| 9th and 10th ribs on the mid-axillary line. |
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Term
| Paradoxical respiration is associated with which diaphragmatic defect? |
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Definition
| Eventration of the diaphragm, which is in turn caused by a defective MUSCULATURE in one half of the diaphragm. |
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Term
| What pathological condition will lead to overdeveloped accessory respiration muscles? Which muscles will be overdeveloped? |
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Definition
| COPD (also chronic asthma)....leads to big SCM, pec, scalene muscles |
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|
Term
| What pathological condition will lead to overdeveloped accessory respiration muscles? Which muscles will be overdeveloped? |
|
Definition
| COPD (also chronic asthma)....leads to big SCM, pec, scalene muscles |
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Term
| Pump handle movement increases which direction? Bucket handle increases which direction? |
|
Definition
| Anterior-Posterior. Lateral. |
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Term
| Which arteries supply the diaphragm? Where the these arteries originate? |
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Definition
| Musculophrenic arteries supply the diaphragm; they are branches of the internal thoracic arteries, which are in turn derived from the subclavian |
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Term
| What nerves innervate the parietal pleura? |
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Definition
| Intercostal nerves (costal-cervical pleura), phrenic nerves (mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura) and the lower five-six intercostal nerves (peripheral diaphragmatic pleura) |
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Term
| What nerves innervate the parietal pleura? |
|
Definition
| Intercostal nerves (costal-cervical pleura), phrenic nerves (mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura) and the lower five-six intercostal nerves (peripheral diaphragmatic pleura) |
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|
Term
| Trace the lymphatic drainage of the lungs from hilar out. |
|
Definition
| Hilar, tracheobronchial (carinal), paratracheal, bronchomediastinal, thoracic duct |
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|
Term
| Trace the lymphatic drainage of the lungs from hilar out. |
|
Definition
| Hilar, tracheobronchial (carinal), paratracheal, bronchomediastinal, thoracic duct |
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Term
| How does oligohydramnios affect the lungs? At what stage do the lungs begin producing surfactant, and how many weeks into the pregnancy does this occur? |
|
Definition
| Can lead to insufficient surfactant in the lungs and eventually hypoplasia. @ Canalicular Stage; 16-26 weeks |
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Term
| If a bulla of the lung bursts, what will happen? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Is the diaphragm a muscle of inspiration or expiration? For quiet expiration are any muscles needed? Which? |
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Definition
| Diaphragm is for inspiration; expiration can occur due to the elasticity of the lungs. |
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|
Term
| Which vein runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vein runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which heart valve is attached to the interventricular septum? |
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Definition
| Tricuspid valve--one of the major chordae tendinae is attached thusly. |
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Term
| Where does the right marginal coronary artery run? What does it branch off of? |
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Definition
| It runs along the diaphragmatic right edge of the heart and branches off (2nd impt branch) of the right coronary artery |
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Term
| What structure runs with the Great Cardiac Vein? |
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Definition
| Anterior interventricular artery, which is a branch of the left coronary artery. |
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|
Term
| What causes Tetralogy of Fallot? |
|
Definition
| Misalignment of the AV septum with the AP septum in utero. |
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|
Term
Which pharyngeal arch is responsible for...
1. Arch of the aorta
2. Ductus arteriosus
3. Proximal pulmonary arteries
4. Common carotid arteries |
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Definition
1. 4th (left)
2 6th (dorsal-left)
3. 6th (ventral)
4. 3rd |
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|
Term
| In coarctation of the aorta, where does the compression occur? |
|
Definition
| The compression is relative to the ductus arteriosus--can be preductal, ductal, or postductal. |
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Term
| Explain the symptoms of coarctation of the aorta. |
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Definition
| Most result from a lower blood volume in the vessels distal to the compression, especially those in the legs; rib notching results from increased intercostal arterial pressure |
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|
Term
| What are the embryo origins of DiGeorge, Treacher Collins, and Pierre Robinson? |
|
Definition
DiGeorge is caused by failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches to differentiate into the thymus & parathyroid glands.
Treacher and Pierre are caused by abnormal development of the 1st phar. arch due to INSUFFICIENT MIGRATION OF NEURAL CREST CELLS. |
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Term
| Horner Syndrome is associated with what congenital heart defect? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What embryological structures produce the actual SYMPTOMS of Coarc Aorta? |
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Definition
| 3rd, 4th, 6th pharyngeal arteries. |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the sinus venosus? |
|
Definition
| The sinus venosus turns into the pulmonary veins and the smooth interior right atrial wall. Abnormal septation can lead to messed up pulmonary connections |
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|
Term
| Fibers from which thoracic vertebral levels penetrate the diaphragm and form the Greater Thoracic Splanchnics? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What structure runs vertically between the esophagus and the vertebral bodies? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What structure runs alongside the thoracic duct, esophagus, and vertebral bodies? |
|
Definition
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