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| Lasted from about 1600 to 1100 BC. They had a system of city-states ruled by a king. They had lots of conflict and trade. Most of what we know comes from the Iliad and Odyssey. |
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| Lasted from about 2200 to 1450 BC. They were a peaceful civilization, and had very little fortification in any of their cities. They had little trade. Their civilization was wiped out abruptly, possibly due to a cataclysm. |
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| In Greece, a tyrant was someone who would make alliances with political groups to get political power. They could be good or bad. They were technically illegal, but the support they received from the middle and lower classes made them powerful. |
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| Rule by a small group of elite citizens. |
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| Rule by the upper classes. |
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| The supreme power of rule is held by a king or queen and his or her family. |
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| An epic poem written by Homer about the siege and sacking of Troy by the Mycenaean Civilization. Written about 8th century BC. The actual war was about the 13th century BC. |
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| An epic poem written by Homer about the 10 year adventure of Odysseus as he returned home from the Trojan War. |
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| An epic poet who wrote the Iliad and Odyssey in about the 8th century BC. |
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| Greek city-state. Each of these cities was an individual state, that is they answered to the authority of no one besides themselves. |
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| "City upon a hill" This was the group of buildings on top of a hill overlooking Athens which includes the Parthenon, which was built during the reign of Pericles. |
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| Wars between Greece and Persia from 500 to 450 BC. The Greeks won. |
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| War fought between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BC. Sparta won. |
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| The most important city in Greece. Head of the Delian League. |
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| A group of city-states led and created by Athens. It was formed to defend against Persian attacks, and developed into a maritime power. |
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| Allied with Athens to defeat Sparta in the battle of Leuctra in 371 BC. They were the most dominant city-state for a century until the rise of Philip II and Macedonia. |
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| The son of Philip II and tutor of Aristotle. He was referred to as Alexander the Great due to his conquest of the Persian Empire, leading the combined Macedonian and Greek army. He died at age 33 after starting Hellenistic Greek culture and establishing his capital at Babylon. |
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| The King of Macedonia, he united the Greeks and prepared for war with the Persians by training Phalanx and heavy cavalry. |
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| A Greek city-state in the north which used diplomacy, threats, and military strength to unify Greece. |
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| Emergence of philosophical reasoning, as well as many more religions than before |
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| Greek philosopher who used the Socratic method (asking deep questions and letting his students find answers) to teach his students, one of whom was Plato. He died around 400 BC. |
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| Greek philosopher, the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. He was very interested in the nature of the universe. |
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| Greek philosopher. The student of Plato, he lived around 350 BC. |
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| Hellenic was before Alexander the Great. Hellenistic was after Alexander. |
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| Founded by the Ptolemies, it was the center of education and commerce after Alexander the Great died. |
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| People who tried to spread Greek culture and succeeded through trade and commerce. |
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| Led by Ptolemy, one of the generals to Alexander the Great, they founded Alexandria. They followed the tradition of the Pharoahs. |
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| The common Greek language (unrefined) which was spoken by most Hellenistic people. They spoke it at home and in trade. The New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek. |
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| The most highly developed civilization between 900 and 400 BC, they were located in northern Italy. They gave their customs and alphabet to the Romans. |
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| The Italic dialect spoken by the Romans. It originated in Latium. |
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| She was raped by the son of a king, and her family got together to revolt against the king over the matter. |
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| A story relating to the ancient Romans. Has a part in it which is probably description of the arrival of the Etruscans. |
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| Title in Rome which meant commander. |
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| "Supreme Bridge Keeper" The bridges in Rome were originally kept by the priests of the Church. This is why Constantine called himself the Pontifex Maximus when he rose to power. He was both the political and religious of Rome at the point. |
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| Represented the Plebians in the Senate. |
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| Highest authority in Rome. Membership was limited to the upper classes. |
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| Commoners of Rome. They were originally allowed no power in the country, but were eventually allowed to elect tribunes to take part in senate discussions and voting. |
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| Wars between Rome and Carthage. Hannibal fought for Carthage during these wars. Rome eventually completely destroyed Carthage. |
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| A Phoenician naval/trade city which became Rome's greatest threat to power. |
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| Carthaginian general who led the Carthaginian armies on elephants across the Alps and attacked Rome. He was called back to Carthage when the Romans attacked Carthage. |
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| Famous Roman general and tyrant. Wrote books about the Roman wars. |
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| Tried to enlist Cleopatra as an ally after the fall of Julius Caesar. He was defeated by Octavius (Augustus). |
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| Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey fought to seize power after the throne was left empty. |
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| Reforms which split Rome into 4 regions. Persecuted the Christians horribly, was reunited when Constantine took absolute power and declared Christianity the state religion of Rome. |
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| Form of government which existed during the Diocletian reform, with two Augustuses and two Caesars. |
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| Capital city of Rome under Constantinople. |
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| Nephew and adopted son of Caesar. He defeated Marc Antony for control of the empire. He always won his wars. He gave the people the illusion that the senate was ruling, despite the fact that he was. |
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| The golden age of Rome. There was prosperity and constant expansion of the empire. |
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| "Our Sea" Rome sat in the perfect position to rule the Mediterranean, which helped them in their conquests overseas. |
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| Blamed a fire in Rome (which he was most likely responsible for) on the Christians. |
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| The emperors after Pax Romana. They all originated in the military and had an average reign of 2 years each. None died of natural causes. |
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| The standing army in Rome, loyal to the Emperor. They meddled in politics frequently, as they could kill the emperor and assume power if they wished. |
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| The Romans found it cheaper to hire German mercenaries for the army, which led to a decrease in the quality of the army, and losses in battles across the frontiers of Rome. |
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| Following the death of Julian the Apostate they had moved from Asia and started fighting in Europe. They had to choose between fighting Germany or Rome, and settled for the weaker Roman army. |
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| German soldiers, many of whom were in the roman army. They were loyal to their commanders, not Rome, and ended up sacking the western half of the Roman empire. |
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| One of the German tribes which conquered the African portion of the Roman empire. |
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| One of the two eastern German tribes, they played a key role in the disruption of the Roman empire during the migration period. |
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| A German tribe from northern Europe which invaded Byzantine Italy. |
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| The other branch of the eastern German tribes (Ostrogoths are the first) which also served a major role in the disruption of Rome during the migration period. |
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| A region of Europe (France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, etc.) |
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| People from Gaul who attacked Rome after defeating the Etruscans. They sieged Rome for 3 months, failing to take the city. The people of Rome then developed a martial mentality and developed the strongest army the world has ever seen. |
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| The Empire was divided into 2 pieces, became economically unstable, civil wars raged, Goths and Huns came in and destroyed the empire, leaving the Byzantine empire around Constantinople, but nothing else intact. |
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| A sect of Judaism which emphasized strict adherence to law and oral tradition, and opposed Hellenism. |
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| A sect of Judaism which was a supporter of Herodians and the temple priesthood in Jerusalem. |
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| An extremist sect of Judaism which was against the establishment at Jerusalem and followed the Dead Sea Scrolls. |
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| An extremist sect of Judaism which advocated the military takeover of Rome. |
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| A Jewish apostle to Jesus, he considered him an "apostle to the gentiles." He was converted to Christ on the road to Damascus, and was considered one of the leaders of the Church. He was also a Roman citizen, so he had an easier time working in heavily Roman populated lands. |
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| Won the title of emperor in Rome at the battle of Milvian Bridge. He set forth the Edict of Milan in 313, making Christianity legal. This was because he won the battle under Christian standards (symbols on the flags and shields). |
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| Battle where Constantine won the title of Emperor of Rome while fighting with Christian standards. |
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| "In this sign you shall conquer" was what the voice Constantine reportedly heard in his head said. |
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| 5 Centers of Christianity |
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| Jerusalem, Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople |
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| A missionary who believed in the Corporeality of Christ -- that Christ had a body. He gained lots of followers in the eastern Roman empire. |
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| The followers of Arius. They were mostly centralized in eastern Rome, and led missions to the Germans. They began following a form of Christianity later when the Germans began moving deeper into Rome (the Germans brought a different version of Christianity with them). |
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| Council of Christians in 325 to determine the true doctrine of Christianity. |
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| What the Council of Nicaea published. The Creed influenced many religions which exist today. |
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| Argued over whether Christ had two natures. |
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| Went against the Council of Epheus and said that Christ had only one nature. |
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| Philosophy of mind, that there is a relationship between the mind and matter. |
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| Believed that Christ had 2 natures but 1 will. |
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| One of the major Iranian Agnostic religions, emphasized good vs. evil and light vs. darkness on the Earth. Mani was their leader. |
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| Debate over nature and will of Christ (2 natures and 2 wills -- human and divine). |
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| Debate over whether or not Christ had a body. |
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| Believed that Christ had 2 natures (led by Nestorius). |
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| Bishop of the church of Milan -- considered one of the 4 doctors of the church. |
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| One of the leaders of Christianity in the west. He said, "Church is more important than state." |
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| Someone who lives, at least to a certain degree, isolated from society. First applied to those who lived in the desert as Eremites. |
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| A monk who would sit on top of a pillar in the desert and expose themselves to the elements. |
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| Idea that martyrs went to heaven and were intermediaries,that is you could contact heaven through them. |
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| Objects with religious importance. |
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| Containers holding relics. Often they held the bones or clothes of saints. |
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| Islamic religious leader in west Africa. They were often scholars and teachers of the Qur'an. |
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| A religion from Hellenistic Greece which believed that destructive emotions are bad and that perfect people don't feel those emotions. They believed in maintaining a will in accord with nature. |
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| Believed in having pleasures in life. Things which caused pain were bad. But things which caused pleasure could cause pain if taken to extremes. |
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| Promise eternal life. You had to be initiated and a member to know their rituals. |
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| Religion based around the god Mithras. Little is known about the religion, besides that Mithras was born from a rock and sacrificed bulls. The Mithrian temples were all located underground, and survive today. |
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| Worship based around the goddess Isis, the ideal mother and wife. This was a religion for all social classes. |
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| Native Egyptian Christians |
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| An ancient Greek City which was founded by the citizens of Megara. The city was changed to Constantinople when Constantine moved the Roman capital there. It was the capital of the Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome. It is now a city in Turkey, and is called Instanbul. |
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| Famous for reconquering the west. He was the last emperor to speak Latin. He used codification to record laws. |
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| Center of the Roman empire after Constantine. The people of Constantinople could control who came in and out of the empire as the city was on the strait between the Mediterranean and Black Sea. |
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| A chemical which ignited on contact with water and was used to burn enemy fleets. |
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| Modern day Turkey (Asia Minor). |
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| The Seal of the Prophets. He was the last great prophet according to the Muslims. He was told to read scripture from Gabriel, but couldn't, so it was put into his heart and became the Koran. He married Khadija, who was his first believer. |
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| Fleeing from Mecca to Medina. This happened in the year 622 AD. This is year 0 for the Muslims. They then use AH (Anno Hijra) instead of AD. They count in lunar years. |
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| Perfect word of god, written in heaven in Arabic. |
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| Belief (There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger), prayer toward Mecca 5 times a day, Almsgiving (Zakat)to care for the needy. 2.5% of increase, or just helping them out., Fasting during the month of Ramadan during daylight hours, Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life if possible. |
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| Struggle. We see this as Holy War, which it isn't. It is not one of the 5 pillars of Islam. |
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| The ancient temple at Mecca supposedly built by Abraham which was restored by Muhammad and is now the destination of an annual pilgrimage of Muslims. |
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| Idea that you can obtain spiritual unity with god through meditation, rituals, etc. Not an actual part of Islam. |
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| Faction of Islam which believes in succession of leadership from Muhammad. They are characterized by political extremism. |
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| 90% of Muslims are Sunni. They believe the successor of Muhammad should be the most religious. They believe in the Islamic religion being on what everyone agrees it is. |
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| The first 4 successors to Muhammad. |
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| Idea that the Caliphs were the supreme political and religious leaders. This idea went away after a while. |
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| Line of divinely inspired successors to Muhammad (followed by the Shi'ites). |
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| Muslim scholars, who are also sometimes military and political leaders. |
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| Rival clan to the Shi'ites who took over and had a dynasty from 661 to 750. They had the 2nd largest pre-modern empire. |
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| Capital of the caliphs. It became a center of learning. |
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| Led a revolt against the Umayyads in 750. Their rule ended in the high point of classical Muslim culture. The Classical culture originated from 4 elements: religion, Arabic language and literature, culture, philosophy and science. |
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| The Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to here. It became a place which attracted all of the great Muslim scholars. |
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| People from northeast of the border of Iran, they took over Baghdad, restored Sunni control, and then defeated Syria and Palestine. They restored Islamic military power. |
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| Moors -- Black people of African and Arabic descent, who ruled the Iberian peninsula for about 800 years. Saracens -- Roman term for black people living near Syria. Later applied to all Muslims. |
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| Muslim city in Spain. It lost some of the political idea of Islam. |
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| Most famous Abbasid Caliph. He was the emperor during the Muslim Golden Age. He wrote the collection of Muslim Folk Tales called A Thousand and One Nights, or, as the Western World refers to it, Arabian Nights. |
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| 1189-1193, he led the Anti-Crusader armies of the Ayyubids. He reconquered Jerusalem. Fighting among the upper ranks in his army prevented total reclamation of the Holy Land. |
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| Osman conquered Constantinople in 1453, Sulayman conquered Balkans, Eastern Europe, and North Africa. The empire was prosperous and lasted until the 18th century. |
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| Famous traveler. He visited almost all of the major cities in North Africa, Eastern Europe, Anatolia, India, China, Central Eurasia, and Southeast Asia. |
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| Arabic Scholars and the Greek Classics |
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| The Arabs translated the works of famous philosophers like Plato and Aristotle into Arabic. The study of these texts became taught in schools along with the Koran, and an educational renaissance was born. |
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