Term
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Definition
| Sensory, short-term, and long-term. |
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Term
| Sensory Memory (overview) |
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Definition
| Lasts only for seconds, forming the connection between perception and memory. Iconic memory for vision, echoic memory for hearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggested iconic memory. Performed an experiment where participants would see three nonsensical 4-letter words (AWXU). They would give a partial report, only remembering one. Suggests iconic memory lasts no more than a few seconds. |
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Definition
| Coined the term 'icon'. Found that an icon only lasts one second. If a brief image is followed by a flash of another image, the first image is forgotten (backward masking). |
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Definition
| Temporary, lasting for seconds-minutes. Generally has capacity of 7+-2. Thought to be remembered phonologically. Suceptible to interference. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A method to increase STM memory-- remembering several digits as one item (an area code for example). |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurring practice, a way to transfer STM to LTM. Primary is simply repeating, while secondary is organizing in a meaningful way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proactive interference-- disrupting before presentation (causes proactive inhibition). Retroactive interference-- disrupting after learning (leads to retroactive interference). |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-term retention. Most items are learned semantically. Measured by recognition, recall, and savings. Not subject to primacy or recency effects. |
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Term
| Encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
| Material is more likely to be retrieved in learned in the same context as retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
| Episodic-- details, events and discrete knowledge. Semantic-- general knowledge of the world. |
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Term
| Procedural vs Declarative |
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Definition
| Procedural-- how to do something. Declarative-- knowing a fact. |
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Term
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Definition
| First to study memory systematically. Presented nonsense words to study STM. Proposed the 'forgetting' curve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory is reconstructive rather than rote. Using the "War of the Ghost", found that people recall semantically rather than grammatically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allan Paivio. Things better remembered if encoded simultaneously visually and semantically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning and recall depend on depth of processing. Depth ranges from phonological to semantic. The deep the processing, the more likely to remember. |
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Term
| Behaviorist perspective on memory |
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Definition
| Memory is explained through pair-associate learning. One item is learned, then cues the recall of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found that the wording of a question can alter the answer from witnesses. |
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Definition
| Found that memories are stored diffusely in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found that memory involves changes of synapses and neural pathways; a memory 'tree'. E.R. Kandel had similar ideas from studying sea slugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied HM and amnesia. HM had a lesion in his hippocampus to treat severe epilepsy. He could not tranfer anything to his LTM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A list is learned and recalled in order. Subject to primacy and recency effects. The serial-position curve (a U-shape) shows this savings effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures how much about a subject remains in LTM by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time as opposed to the first. |
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Term
| Serial-anticipation learning |
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Definition
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Term
| Paired-associate learning |
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Definition
| Type of learning used when studying foreign languages. For example, hombre means man. |
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Term
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Definition
| List of items is learned, then must be recalled in any order with no cue. |
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Term
| Factors making list learning easier |
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Definition
| Acoustic dissimilarity, semantic dissimilarity, brevity, familiarity, concreteness, meaning, importance. |
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Term
| Two main theories of forgetting |
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Definition
| Decay theory (Trace theory): posits that memory fades with time and Interference thoery: competing information blocks retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory cues that help learning and recall. Ocean for the Big 5 factors, for example. |
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Term
| Gerneration-recognition model |
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Definition
| Suggests that anything one might recall should easily be recognized. Why multiple-choice is easier than essay tests. |
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Term
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| Exactly what it sounds like |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrieval is more successful if it occurs in the same emotional or physical state when encoding occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain's tendency to group together similar items in memory whether they are learned together or not. |
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Term
| Ordering of items on list |
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Definition
| More quickly state order of two far apart items than two close (7 and 50 versus 44 and 46). |
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Definition
| Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposted to try to memorize. |
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Definition
| photographic memory: more common in children and rural cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories seeming to be burned in brain (9/11) |
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Definition
| Instrument often used in congitive or memory experiments. Presents visual materials for a fraction of a second. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones. |
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