Term
| Psychoanalytic theory (overview) |
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Definition
| Views conflict as central to human nature: conflict is that between different drives (conscious/unconscious) vying for attention. The individual is motivated by drive reduction. Originally, this was between libido and the ego. Later, this was revised between Eros and Thanatos (life and death). Freud also preferred a topographic model of mental life in which conscious elements were openly acknowledged and unconscious elements resided below this layer. Later, this was structural, between the ego, id, and superego. |
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Term
| Psychic determinism (Freudian) |
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Definition
| Pathological behavior, dreams, and unconcious behavior are all symptoms of underlying, unresolved conflict, which are manifested when the ego does not find acceptable ways to express conflict. |
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Definition
| A patient is usually seen 4-5 times a week, for many years. Free association, a technique where patient reports thoughts without censure of guidance, is used, as the unconscious is thought to be looking for a way out. |
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Definition
| The discharge of repressed emotion (Freudian) |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud postulated that patients would react to the therapist much like they reacted to their parents. The therapist-patient relationship then serves as a metaphor for the patient's repressed emotions about their parents. Countertransference is how the therapist feels about their patient. |
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| Goal of psychoanalytic therapy |
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Definition
| Aims to lessen the unconscious pressures on the individual by making as much of this material conscious as possible. This will allow the ego to better mediator of forces. |
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Definition
| A central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet. |
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Definition
| A way in which the ego protects itself from threatening unconscious material or forces. These include repression, rationalization, projection, displacement, reaction formation, compensation, sublimation, identifcation, undoing, countertransference, dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as primary process, this is the human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary process. Guided by the ego and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification. |
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Definition
| memories that serve as representations of important childhood environments. |
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Term
| Individual theory (overview) |
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Definition
| Founded by Alfred Adler. People are viewed as creative, social, and whole as opposed to Freud's more negative and structural approach. Described people in process of realization as 'becoming'. During this journey, individual is motivated by social needs and feelings of inferiority. A healthy individual pursues goals in spite of feelings of inferiority; has a will to power. On this quest, a healthy individual will pursue goals outside of himself and beneficial to society. |
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Term
| Abnormal theory (Individual) |
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Definition
| Unhealthy individuals are too much affected by infereior feelings to pursue the will to power. Make excuses or have a "yes, but" mentality. If they do pursue goals, they are likely to be self-serving. |
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Definition
| A psychodynamic apporach in which unconsicous feelings do play a role. More important is an examination of a person's lifestyle and approaches. |
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| Goals of Individual Therapy |
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Definition
| Adlerian therapy aims to reduce feelings of inferiority and and to foster social interest and social contribution. |
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Term
| Criticisms of Adlerian therapy |
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Definition
| Best used with 'normal' people in search of growth. |
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Term
| Criticism of Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
| Formed from single case studies, and, therefore, not scientific. |
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Term
| Ruling-dominant type (choleric) |
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Definition
| High in activity but low in social contributions |
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Term
| Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic) |
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Definition
| Low in activity and high in social contribution. |
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Term
| Avoiding type (melancholic) |
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Definition
| Low in activity and low in social contribution. |
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Term
| Socially useful type (sanguine) |
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Definition
| High in activity and high in social contribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by Carl Jung. Postulated that the psyche was directed towards life and awareness (rather than sex). In each person, psyche contains conscious and unconscious elements. The unconscious is divided into two types: personal (material from a person's own experiences) and collective (dynamics inherited from ancestors; archetypes) |
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Definition
| Universally meaningful concepts, passed down through the collective unconsciousness. Indicated by cross-cultural similarities in symbols, folklore, and myths. Most cited: persona (outer mask), shadow (person's dark side), anima (female elements possessed by a man), animus (opposite of anima), and self (full individual potential, symbolized in cultures by figures such as Buddha or Jesus). |
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Definition
| psychopathology is a signal that something is wrong in the makeup of the psyche. |
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Term
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Definition
| Approach is psychodynamic because unconscious elements are addressed. In order to become more aware, material is explored through the analysis of dreams. |
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Term
| Goal of therapy (Jungian) |
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Definition
| Use unconscious messages in order to become more aware and closer to full potential. |
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Definition
| Analytic theory is far too mystical. |
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Definition
| Started by Carl Rogers. It is humanistic, in that it has an optimistic outlook on human nature. Its main tenet is that individuals have an actualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and towards full potential. |
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Definition
| People who lack congruence between their real selves and their conscious self-concept develop tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person-centered therapy is directed by the client. The therapist is non-directive. Job of the therapist is to provide: empathy (therapist should appreciate rather than just observe), unconditional positive regard, and genuineness/congruence (feelings of therapist should match). |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide a trusting atmosphere where client can tap their own vast resources. |
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| Criticism of Rogers therapy |
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Definition
| Rogers used no diagnostic tools. |
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Definition
| Founded by Skinner, Pavlov, and Wolpe. Application of operant and classical conditioning to human abnormal behavior. It is a model based on learning. Behavioralists change maladaptive behavior through new learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short-term and directed. Thoughts, feelings, and unconscious motivations are not addressed in behavior therapy. Therapist uses counterconditioning techniues to foster the learning of new responses in the client. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| Developed by Wolpe, applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety. Client is given repeated exposure to anxiety stimulus in a relaxing situation. The first step is often imagery; eventually, the anxiety response will be extinguished. |
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Term
| Flooding or implosive therapy |
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Definition
| Applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety. Client is repeatedly exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Employs operant principle of negative reinforcement to increase anxiety. Used to treat fetishes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses operant conditioning. Client is reinforced until actions are suitable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Employs social learning principles. Method exposes client to more adaptive behaviors. |
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Definition
| Provides tools and experience so that the client may become more assertive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows client to practice new behaviors and responses. |
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Term
| Criticisms of behavior therapy |
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Definition
| Accused of treating symptoms rather than the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded by Beck. Cites conscious thought patterns as the dominant role in people's lives. Thoughts determine feelings and behavior. The way a person interprets experience, rather than the experience itself, is more important. |
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