Term
| There are four medically important genera of gram positive rods |
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Definition
| Bacillus, Clostridium, and Listeria & Corynebacterium |
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Term
| Bacillus and Clostridium form |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Corynebacterium and Listeria |
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Definition
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Term
| Members of the genus Bacillus are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods
Bacillus anthracis |
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Definition
| first bacterium shown to be the causative agent of an infectious disease by Koch in 1877 |
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Term
Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods
Bacillus anthracis vaccine invented by |
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Definition
| Pasteur to protect sheep agains anthrax |
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Term
| Bacillus anthracis causes |
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Definition
| anthrax, which is common in animals but rare in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| spores of the organism persists in soil for years |
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Term
| Humans are infected by anthrax by |
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Definition
| spores on animal products such as: hides, bristles, and wool or by contact with sick animals |
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Term
| Portal of entry of anthrax |
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Definition
| skin, mucus membranes, and respiratory tract |
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Term
| Bacillus anthracis has cell characteristics of |
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Definition
| The cells have characteristic squared ends. |
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Term
| The endospores of anthrax is |
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Definition
| ellipsoidal shaped and located centrally in the sporangium. |
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Term
| The spores of anthrax are |
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Definition
| highly refractile to light and resistant to staining |
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Term
| Clinical findings of anthrax |
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Definition
| The typical lesion is a painless ulcer with a black eschar (crust, scab). Local edema is striking. |
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Term
| Lesion of anthrax is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Untreated anthrax progress to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| “Woolsorter’s disease” is |
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Definition
| (pulmonary anthrax) is a life threatening pneumonia caused by inhalation of spores. |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal anthrax can occur if |
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Definition
| contaminated meat is ingested. (worst kind) |
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Term
| Laboratory diagnosis of anthrax |
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Definition
| smears show large gram positive rods in chains |
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Term
| Prevention and treatment of anthrax |
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Definition
| Penicillin G is the most effective treatment. Soil contamination is prevented by sterilizing dead animals and animal product from areas of endemic infection |
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Term
| Persons at high risk of anthrax can be |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Symptoms of cutaneous anthrax are |
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Definition
raised itchy bump- this gradually becomes an ulcer
skin ulcer- with a central black dying area (black eschar) |
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Term
| raised itchy bump gradually becomes |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| central black dying area (black eschar) |
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Term
| Anthrax skin lesion is usually |
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Definition
| non fatal with treatment. |
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Term
| About 95 percent of anthrax infections are |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Diseases that under natural conditions are communicable from animals to humans |
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Term
| examples of zoonotic diseases |
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Definition
| Anthrax, Brucellosis, Psittacosis, Rabies, Tuberculosis, and Tularemia |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal Anthrax early symptoms |
|
Definition
| nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, and fever |
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Term
| Later symptoms of GI Anthrax |
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Definition
| abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, severe diarrhea |
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Term
| GI anthrax incidence of death in cases of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Inhalational anthrax – Mediastinal widening |
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Definition
| lung anthrax; inhalation anthrax. Can be fatal |
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Term
| woolsorters disease initial anthrax symptoms may resemble |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| After several days of woolsorters disease symptoms may |
|
Definition
| worsen to severe breathing problems, high fever, chest pain, and shock |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transmission of bacillus cereus |
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Definition
| Spores on grains such as rice survive steaming and rapid frying. The spores germinate when rice is kept warm for many hours (e.g., reheated fried rice). The portal of entry is the gastrointestinal tract. |
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Term
| Clinical findings of Bacillus Cereus (two syndromes) |
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Definition
1. short incubation (4hrs) nausea and vomiting
2. long incubation (18 hrs) watery, non bloody diarrhea |
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Term
| Treatment and prevention of Bacillus Cereus |
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Definition
| do not keep rice warm for long periods of time |
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Term
| There are four medically important clostridium speceis |
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Definition
1. C tetani
2. C botulinum
3. C perfringens
4. C difficile. |
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Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic, spore forming, gram positive rods. |
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Term
| Clostridium organisms also synthesize some of the most potent |
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Definition
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Term
| For example, the toxins of specific clostridial speceis cause |
|
Definition
| botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene and pseudomembranous colitis. |
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Term
| Clostridium Tetani causes |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Clostridium Tetani spores enter through |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Clostridium Tetani germination of spores is favored by |
|
Definition
| necrotic tissue and poor blood supply to the wound |
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Term
| Clinical findings of Clostridium Tetani |
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Definition
| Violent muscle spasm; lock jaw due to rigid contraction of the jaw muscles, which prevents the mouth from opening; a characteristics grimace known as” risus sardonicus”; and exaggerated reflexes occur. Respiratory failure ensues. |
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Term
| Clostridium Tetani fatality rate |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Treatment of Clostridium Tetani |
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Definition
| Tetanus immune globulin is used. Penicillin G or metronidazole is probably useful. Adequate airway is maintained. Antispasmodic drugs are given |
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Term
| Prevention of Clostridium Tetani |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridium Botulinum causes |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| by the action of a neurotoxin that is one of the most potent poisons known. It causes flaccid paralysis. |
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Term
| Transmission of Clostridium Botulinum |
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Definition
| Foods contaminated with botulinum spores. Ingestion of honey containing the organism is implicated in transmission of infant botulism. |
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Term
| Clinical findings of Clostridium Botulinum |
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Definition
| Descending weakness and paralysis, including diplopia, dysphagia and respiratory muscle failure are seen. No fever is present. |
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Term
| Treatment of Clostridium Botulinum |
|
Definition
| Trivalent antitoxin along with respiratory support |
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Term
| Prevention of Clostridium Botulinum |
|
Definition
| Proper sterilization of all can and vacuum packed foods is essential . |
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Term
| Clinical Botulism toxins enter through |
|
Definition
| through GI tract - absorbed, carried via blood stream - attaches to presynaptic terminals of cholinergic nerves - blocks neurotransmitter release, nerve impulses cannot be transmitted, muscles connected to nerves not stimulated |
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Term
| Result of Clostridium Botulinum |
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Definition
| generalized flaccid paralysis |
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Term
| Mortality rate of Clostridium Botulinum |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridium Perfringens disease |
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Definition
| Gas gangrene and food poisoning |
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Term
| Clostridium Perfringens transmission |
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Definition
| Spore are located in the soil. Vegetative cells are members of the normal flora of the colon and vagina. |
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Term
| Gas Gangrene is associated with |
|
Definition
| war wounds, automobile and motor cycle accidents and septic abortions |
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Term
| Clinical findings of Clostridium Perfringens |
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Definition
| Pain, edema and cellulitis occur in the wound area. the |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of gas in the tissues |
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Term
| Treatment Clostridium Perfringens |
|
Definition
| Pecicillin G is the antibiotic of choice |
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Term
| Prevention Clostridium Perfringens |
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Definition
| Wounds should be cleansed and debrided. |
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Term
| Clostridium Difficile disease causes |
|
Definition
| antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis. |
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Term
| Clostridium Difficile transmission |
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Definition
| The organism is carried in the gastrointestinal tract of 3% of the general population and up to 30% of hospitalized patients |
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Term
| C. difficile is the most common nosocomial cause of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium Difficile is transmitted often by |
|
Definition
| fecal-oral route. The hands of hospital personnel are important intermediaries. |
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Term
| Clinical Findings of Clostridium Difficile |
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Definition
| It causes diarrhea associated with pseudomembranes on the colonic mucosa. |
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Term
| Treatment of Clostridium Difficile |
|
Definition
| The causative antibiotic should be withdrawn. Oral metronidazole or vancomycin should be given |
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Term
| Prevention of Clostridium Difficile |
|
Definition
| Antibiotic should be prescribed only when necessary. |
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Term
| Infantile botulism patient has |
|
Definition
| ptosis, and dilated pupil, nasogastric feeding tube and respirator is needed |
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Term
| Psudomenbranous colitis characteristics are |
|
Definition
| raised adherent yellow plaques that vary in size 2-10mm are visible on the colonic mucosa |
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Term
|
Definition
| pseudomembrande in the posterior pharynx. It can become very large and may obstruct the airway |
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Term
| Corynebacterium Diphtheriae causes |
|
Definition
| diphtheria which is rare in USA. |
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Term
| Corynebacterium Diphtheriae transmission |
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Definition
| Humans are the only natural host of C diphtheriae. Both toxigenic and nontoxigenic organisms reside in the upper respiratory tract and are transmitted by airborne droplets. |
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Term
| Clinical findings of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae |
|
Definition
| Thick, gray , adherent membrane over the tonsils and throat |
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Term
| Treatment of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae |
|
Definition
| Antitoxin should be given immediately. Penicillin G or Erythromycin is also recommended. |
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|
Term
| Prevention of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Listeria Monocytogens causes |
|
Definition
| causes meningitis and sepsis in newborns and immunosuppressed adults |
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|
Term
| Listeria Monocytogens causes outbreaks of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of Listeria Monocytogens |
|
Definition
| Organism colonizes the gastrointestinal and female genital tracts. Food poisioning and meningitis. |
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|
Term
| Listeria Monocytogens childhood meningitis transmitted through |
|
Definition
| Group B streptococci, E Coli, and Listeria |
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|
Term
| Listeria Monocytogens passes through |
|
Definition
| placenta or it may be contacted during delivery. |
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Term
| Clinical findings Listeria Monocytogens infection |
|
Definition
| during pregnancy can cause abortion, premature delivery or sepsis following delivery. |
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|
Term
| . Newborns infected at the time of delivery of Listeria Monocytogens can have |
|
Definition
| acute meningitis one to four weeks later. |
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|
Term
| Treatment of Listeria Monocytogens is |
|
Definition
| Ampicillin with or without gentamycin |
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|
Term
| Prevention of Listeria Monocytogens |
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Definition
|
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