Term
| basic characteristics of enterobacteriaceae |
|
Definition
| all ferment glucose and are catalase negative |
|
|
Term
| most common fecal microorganism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteroides fragilis is aerobic/anaerobic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color does EMB media turn in the presence of a lactose fermenter? |
|
Definition
| purple to black to metallic sheen |
|
|
Term
| What color does McConkey agar turn in the presence of a lactose fermenter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methylene blue inhibits... |
|
Definition
| gram pos organisms growth |
|
|
Term
| What in McConkey agar inhibits the growth of gram pos organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most important lactose fermenter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most important lactose non-fermenters |
|
Definition
Shigella
Yersinia
Salmonella
Vibrio |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of fecal leukocytes and blood in the stool? |
|
Definition
| distinguishes invasive bacteria from toxigenic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| invasive enteric bacteria that is gram neg, non-motile, non-lactose fermenter, does not produce H2S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Shigella transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shigella invades the intestinal epithelium and may progress to a _________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Shigella so efficient in its transmission? |
|
Definition
| very small inoculum (10-200 organisms) is sufficient to cause infection |
|
|
Term
| Shigella readily occurs in what type of settings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long are Shigella organisms present in an infected individual? |
|
Definition
| while they are ill and for 1-2 weeks afterwards |
|
|
Term
| What population is especially susceptible to getting Shigella? |
|
Definition
| toddlers who are not fully toilet-trained |
|
|
Term
| Shigella edidemics may be _______ or _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What insect can transmit Shigella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria responsible for causing bloody diarrhea with fecal WBCs and many ulcerations within the colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein synthesis (which destroys the epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| rice water stools with fishy odor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria can be contracted by eating raw oysters and sushi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gram neg, curved bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incubation period for Vibrio cholera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enteric bacteria produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shigella is oxidase negative/positive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vibrio is oxidase negative/positive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella is oxidase negative/positive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of Vibrio cholera |
|
Definition
fecal-oral route
contaminated shellfish |
|
|
Term
| What causes the dramatic watery diarrhea associated with Vibrio cholera? |
|
Definition
| cholera enterotoxin induces active influx of water and ions into the lumen of the colon |
|
|
Term
| If untreated, Vibrio cholera may progress to... |
|
Definition
| hypovolemic shock due to severe dehydration |
|
|
Term
| Acute, watery diarrhea is usually caused by a _________. |
|
Definition
virus
(viral gastroenteritis) |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes the most common type of watery diarrhea in travelers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute bloody diarrhea suggests a bacterial cause like... |
|
Definition
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Shigella |
|
|
Term
| gram neg bacillus, glucose fermenter, catalase positive, oxidase negative that causes bloody diarrhea |
|
Definition
| enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enterohemorrhagic E. coli
serotype O157:H7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
undercooked ground beef
unpasteurized milk and juice
raw sprouts, lettuce
salami
contact with infected animals |
|
|
Term
| Shiga toxin-producing E. coli is a type of EHEC bacteria than can cause illness ranging from... |
|
Definition
| mild intestinal disease to severe kidney complications |
|
|
Term
| What is the only enteric bacteria that can be considered normal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemolytic uremic syndrome |
|
Definition
occurs as a result of O157:H7 infection
anemia, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| three groups of diarrhea-producing E. coli |
|
Definition
enterotoxigenic
enteroinvasive
enterohemorrhagic |
|
|
Term
| What type of E. coli is most common among infants and travelers in underdeveloped countries or regions of poor sanitation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria accounts for 60% of traveler's diarrhea cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the toxin do that enterotoxigenic E. coli produces do? |
|
Definition
| activates adenylate and guanylate cyclase, causing secretory diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What type of E. coli penetrates and multiplies within the epithelial cells of the colon causing widespread cell destruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of E. coli causes a clinical syndrome identical to Shigella dysentery that includes a dysentery-like diarrhea with fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanism of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157:H7) |
|
Definition
-toxin acts on lining of the blood vessels and vascular endothelium
-killing of endothelial cells leads to breakdown of the vessel lining and to hemorrhage
-first response is bloody diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| transmission of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the watery diarrhea associated with ETEC? |
|
Definition
-decreased reabsorption of Na and Cl
-increased secretion of Cl and HCO3 into lumen
-H2O follows osmotic load |
|
|
Term
| Which type of E. coli infection is associated with fever and abdominal pain? |
|
Definition
| enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) |
|
|
Term
| Which 2 types of media are used to inhibit gram positive bacteria and aid in the identification of the gram negative enterics? |
|
Definition
EMB (Eosine Methylene Blue)
McConkey |
|
|
Term
| gram neg bacillus, facultative anaerobe, lactose non-fermenter, H2S producer, associated with chicken |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enteric bacteria has an animal reservoir rather than human? |
|
Definition
| Salmonella (unless S. typhi) |
|
|
Term
| virulence factor for Salmonella typhi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of Salmonella enteritidis |
|
Definition
raw eggs, unpasteurized milk
reptilian pets
poultry |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Salmonella infection |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping |
|
|
Term
| What can Salmonella infection cause in patients with sickle cell disease? |
|
Definition
osteomyelitis
due to functional asplenism and defective phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How long does Salmonellosis typically last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person infected with Salmonella enteritidis usually has fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea beginning ___ to ___ hours after consuming a contaminated food or beverage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of Campylobacter jejuni |
|
Definition
| unpasteurized milk and cheese |
|
|
Term
| What 3 enteric bacteria must be grown on special media (fastidious)? |
|
Definition
Campylobacter
Yersinia
Vibrio |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Campylobacter jejuni infection |
|
Definition
| abdominal discomfort, LLQ tenderness, greenish watery diarrhea (with or without blood) |
|
|
Term
| gram neg bacillus, slightly curved, microaerophilic, fastidious, oxidase positive, lactose non-fermenter, grows at 42 degrees Celcius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the characteristic appearance of E. coli on EMB agar? |
|
Definition
| vigorous lactose fermentation causes the metallic sheen and acid production precipitates the green pigment |
|
|
Term
| other bacterial causes of traveler's diarrhea |
|
Definition
other subtypes of E. coli (other than ETEC)
Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio |
|
|
Term
| protozoal causes of traveler's diarrhea |
|
Definition
Giardia
Entamoeba histolytica
Cryptosporidium parvum |
|
|
Term
| viral causes of traveler's diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant normal flora organism found in the small intestines and colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal flora of the small intestines and colon (scant in small bowel) |
|
Definition
-Bacteroides
-Clostridium sp.
-Escherichia
-assorted gram neg anaerobes (such as Fusobacterium--similar to Bacteroides) |
|
|
Term
| "friendly" bacteria in the intestine of humans |
|
Definition
Bifidobacteria
gram pos, non-spore-forming, lactic acid bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant bacterial species in the intestine of breastfed infants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria are sometimes used in the manufacturing of yogurts and are frequently incorporated into probiotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is a regular component of the intestinal flora that many European countries use as the standard indicator of fecal pollution, much like how we use E. coli in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enteric bacteria that is typically considered normal GI flora has recently emerged as a significant antibiotic-resistant nosocomial pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| obligate anaerobe, gram neg bacillus, typically normal GI flora |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common fecal microorganism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Bacteroides fragilis cause? |
|
Definition
necrosis
abscess formation |
|
|
Term
| gram negative bacillus, not enteric bacteria, but causes bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica |
|
Definition
fecal-oral route
contaminated milk
fecally contaminated water |
|
|
Term
| mechanism of action for Yersinia enterocolitica |
|
Definition
-binds to epithelium
-invades cells and regional lymph nodes
-releases enterotoxin that causes diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Yersinia enterocolitica infection |
|
Definition
diarrhea with RBCs, WBCs
fever
abdominal pain (especially RLQ) |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is microaerophilic but is not cultured, urease positive, and causes inflammatory changes leading to peptic ulcers in stomach and duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does H. pylori survive in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If H. pylori is not cultured, how is it diagnosed? |
|
Definition
visualized in tissue
urease breath test
serology |
|
|
Term
| What species of Clostridium is commonly isolated from feces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria may colonize the bowel and cause antibiotic-induced diarrhea or psudomembranous colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes pseudomembranes in the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is C. diff usually diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| detection of bacterial toxin in the stool (not easily cultured) |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics are most commonly associated with CDAD and C. diff infection? |
|
Definition
| broad-spectrum (clindamycin, penicillins) |
|
|
Term
| What is the new "hypervirulent" C. diff strain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first line treatment for C. diff that the new hypervirulent strain is resistant to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for the new hypervirulent strain of C. diff? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacterial infection can you get from contaminated fried rice or dried beans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Bacillus cereus food poisoning, the emetic toxin is found in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Bacillus cereus food poisoning, the diarrheal toxin is found in _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacillus cereus spores are not killed by _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium botulism |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is responsible for food poisoning after eating potato or egg salads, mayonnaise, and cream pastries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incubation period for S. aureus food poisoning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. aureus food poisoning comes from a ___________ toxin in the food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is responsible for food poisoning from ingestion of heavily contaminated meats, poultry, or legumes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incubation period for Clostridium perfringens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is responsible for infantile botulism from honey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shigella infection is characterized by degeneration of the ___________ and inflammation of the ________ _________. |
|
Definition
| epithelium; lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| Shigella infection results in ___________ and _____________ of the colon mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a watery non-inflammatory diarrhea with dehydration due to large fluid loss (speckled with flakes of mucus and epithelial cells) and is an oxidase positive, gram negative, curved bacillus requiring special media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a diarrhea after eating raw shellfish due to oxidase positive, gram negative, curved bacilli that require special media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria do you get from eating uncooked coastal marine saltwater shellfish (raw oysters, sushi)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of diarrhea in Japan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes wound infections, gastroenteritis, or a syndrome known as "primary septicemia?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of V. vulnificus |
|
Definition
eating contaminated seafood
open wound exposed to Gulf Coast seawater |
|
|
Term
| What condition can cause a V. vulnificus infection to be even more serious? |
|
Definition
| immunocompromised--especially liver disease (causes primary septicemia) |
|
|
Term
| severest form of salmonella infections |
|
Definition
| Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
campylobacter
vibrio
yersinia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shigella
salmonella
proteus (UTI)
yersinia
campylobacter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase positive enterics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase negative enterics |
|
Definition
shigella
E. coli
salmonella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalase positive enterics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalase negative enterics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shigella
salmonella
campylobacter
E. coli (EIEC, EHEC)
yersinia
clostridium (gram +) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Bacillus cereus
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium botulinum (neurotoxin)
Clostridium perfringens |
|
|
