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| reflective thinking focused on deciding what can reasonably be believed and then using this information to make political judgments. |
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| the systematic study of government and politics. |
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| the widely shared and deep-seated beliefs of it`s people about politics. |
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| the principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, provided they do not infringe unreasonably on the freedom and well-being of others. |
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| a commitment to personal initiative and self-suffiency. |
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| the notion that all individuals are equal in their moral worth and thereby entitled to equal treatment under the law. |
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| the principle that the people are the ultimate source of governing authority and should have a voice in their governing. |
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| the means by which society settles its conflicts and allocates the resulting benefits and costs |
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| refers to the abilities of persons, groups, or institutions to influence political developments. |
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| a form of government in which the people govern, either directly or through elected officials. |
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| When political leaders respond to the policy desires of the majority, the result is? |
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| holds that, on most issues, the preference of the special interest largely determines what government does. |
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| used to characterize todays party politics. |
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| the recognized right of officials to exercise power. |
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| the idea that there are lawful restrictions on governments power. |
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| the use of the courts as means of asserting rights and interests-a channel through which ordinary citizens exercise power. |
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| operate mainly on private transactions. |
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| operates in part through the influence that firms have with policy makers. |
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| refers to the power exercised by well-positioned and highly influential individuals. |
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| are the decisions of government to pursue particular courses of action. |
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| Policies are the result of political interactions that political scientist call ______ _______ process. |
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| a government that is subject to strict legal limits on the uses of power, so that the peoples liberty is not threatened. |
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| Representative Government |
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| a government in which the people would govern through the selection of their representatives. |
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| a government in which the people submit to the governments authority in return for the protection it can provide. |
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| People living in a state of nature enjoy certain _______ ________, including those of life, liberty, and property, which are threatened by individuals who steal, kill, or otherwise act without regard for others. |
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| the fundamental law that defines how a government will legitimately operate. |
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| The Virginia Plan(or large-state plan) |
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| included separate judicial and executive branches as well as a two chamber Congress that would have supreme authority in all areas "in which the separate states are incompetent," particularly in defense and interstate trade. |
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| The New Jersey Plan( or small-state plan) |
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| called for a stronger national government than that provided by the Articles of Confederation. |
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| provided for a bicameral(two-chamber) Congress. |
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| for purposes of apportionment of taxes and seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, each slave was to count as less than one full person. |
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| Those who were opponents of the Constitution. |
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| Those who supported the constitution. |
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| Powers granted to the national government. |
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| The division of the national government`s power among three power-sharing branches, each of which is to act as a check on the powers of the other two. |
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| The divisions of political authority between the national government and the states, enabling the people to appeal to one authority if their rights and interests are not respected by the other authority. |
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| powers expressly denied to the national and state governments by the Constitution. |
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| The first 10 amendments to the Constitution. |
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| the power of the courts to declare governmental action null and void when its found to violate the Constitution. |
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| the power of the voters to remove officials from office. |
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| the idea that the power of the government could be controlled by dividing it among separate branches rather than investing in a single individual or institution. |
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| each of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. This way, no one branch becomes too powerful. |
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| the people acting as an irrational mob that tramples on the rights of the minority. |
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| lawmakers who have an enlightened sense of the public interest. |
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| representatives who are obliged to serve the interest of those who elect them, but the nature of this interest is for the representatives, not the voters, to decide. |
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| Each state would have the same number of ______ ____ as it had members in the Congress and could select its electors by a method of choosing. |
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| means that the president is selected by the votes of the electors. |
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| officeholders who are obligated to carry out the expressed opinions of the people they represent. |
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| which gives rank-and-file voters the power to select party nominees. |
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| Constitutional Democratic Republic |
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| A government that is constitutional in its requirement that power gained through elections be exercised in accordance with law and with due respect for individual rights; democratic in its provisions for majority influence through elections; and a republic in its mix of deliberative institutions, each of which moderates the power of others. |
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| supreme and final governing authority. |
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| in which sovereignty is vested solely in the national government. |
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| which was the type of government that existed under the Articles of Confederation. |
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| which provides that "the laws of the United States....shall be the supreme law of the land." |
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| "Necessary and Proper" Clause |
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| It gives Congress the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foreign powers." |
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| powers that are not listed in the Constitution but are related to the exercise of the powers that are listed. |
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| The states` powers under the U.S. Constitution are called ___ powers. |
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| an increase in national authority. |
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| in favor of national authority |
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| What did the Supreme Court rule in favor of during the McCulloch v. Maryland(1819)? |
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| was based on the idea that a precise separation of national and state authority was both possible and desirable. |
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| says that Congress shall have the power "to regulate commerce" among the states. |
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| is based on shared policy responsibilities rather than sharply divided ones. |
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| refers to the expenditure of federal funds n programs run in part through state and local governments. |
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| government provides some or all of the money to states and localities, which then administer the programs. |
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| are grants that can only be used for a designated activity. |
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| a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent |
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| specific individual rights, such as freedom of speech, that are constitutionally protected against infringement by government. |
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| You are protected from unreasonable searches and seizures, although you forfeit that right if you knowingly waive it. |
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| says that "no state shall...deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." |
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| the process by which certain of the rights contained in the Bill of Rights become applicable through the Fourteenth Amendment to actions by the state government. |
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| the right of individual Americans to hold and communicate thoughts of their choosing. |
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| Clear-and-Present-Danger Test |
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| the government has to clearly demonstrate that spoken or written expression presents a clear and present danger before it can prohibit the expression. |
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| is a refinement of the clear-and-present-danger test that allows individuals more latitude in what they say. |
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| government prohibition of speech or publication before it occurs-is basic to the current doctrine of free expression. |
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| False information about someone that is published or written. |
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| False information about someone that is spoken. |
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| the government may not favor one religion over another or support religion over no religion. |
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| A three point test that the Court articulates |
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| Americans are free to hold any religious belief of their choosing. |
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| which means that individuals have a "zone of privacy" that government cannot lawfully invade. |
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| the term refers primarily to procedures that authorities must follow before a person can lawfully be punished for an offense. |
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| Which amendment provides the right to legal counsel before and during trial? |
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| bars the use of evidence if the evidence was obtained in violation of the defendants rights. |
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| that evidence discovered under a faulty warrant was admissible because the police had acted in "good faith." |
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| In United States v. Leon the court ruled: |
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| Which Amendment prohibits "cruel and unusual punishment"? |
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| Equal Rights(also called Civil Rights) |
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| refers to the right of every person to equal protection under the laws and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities. |
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| basis for equal treatment under the law. |
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| the court require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable. |
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| which presumes that the law is unconstitutional unless government can provide a compelling basis for it. |
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| laws that classify people differently on the basis of their race or ethnicity are presumed to have discrimination as their purpose. |
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| What year did women acquire the right to vote? |
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| 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York. |
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| Where and when did the first large and well-organize attempt to promote women`s rights take place? |
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| When did Congress pass a civil rights legislation designed to prohibit discrimination in housing? |
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| refers to deliberate, efforts to provide full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas for members of traditionally disadvantaged groups. |
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| which is discrimination based on law. |
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| the condition whereby historically disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities and benefits because of prejudice and economic circumstances. such as their inability to pay for a college education. |
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| The first woman to serve on the Supreme Court was? |
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| The first woman to run on a national ticket of a major political party was? |
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| What is the fastest growing minority in the United States? |
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| What percentage of Asian Americans make up the US population? |
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