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| are formal agreements that presidents make on their own with foreign nations. |
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| which holds that the presidency is a limited or constrained office whose occupant is empowered to act only within the confines of expressly granted constitutional authority. |
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| which calls for a "strong presidency" that is limited, not by what the Constitution allows, but by what it prohibits. |
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| meetings that are open to any registered party voter who wants to attend. |
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| Although no votes are cast in this period, it is a time when candidates demonstrate through their fundraising ability, poll standing, and debate performance that they are serious contenders for the nomination. |
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| a strong showing in the early contests that contributes to voter support in subsequent ones. |
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| all states except Maine and Nebraska grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state`s popular vote. |
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| serves the president more directly. |
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| during which Congress, the press, and the public anticipate initiatives from the Oval Office and are more predisposed than usual to support them. |
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| Presidential Approval Ratings |
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| are predictably high at the start of the president`s time in office. |
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| a system of organization and control that is based on three principles: hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formalized rules. |
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| refers to a chain of command whereby the officials and units at the top of the bureaucracy have authority over those in the middle, who in turn have control over those at the bottom. |
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| refers to explicitly defined duties for each job position and to a precise division of labor within the organization. |
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| are the established procedures and regulations by which a bureaucracy conducts its operations. |
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| The leading administrative units are the fifteen ________ departments. |
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| resemble the cabinet departments but typically have a narrower area of responsibility. |
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| are created when Congress recognizes the need for ongoing regulation of a particular economic activity. |
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| are similar to private corporations in that they charge clients for their services and are governed by a board of directors. |
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| provide advice to the president. |
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| they have to score high on competitive exam or have specialized training. |
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| that governed federal employment during much of the nineteenth century. |
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| a device for awarding of government jobs to friends and party hacks. |
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| The administrative objective of the merit system is ________ ___________. |
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| the process through which annual federal spending and revenue decisions are made. |
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| that is, the carrying out of decisions made by Congress, the President, and the courts. |
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| they are more responsive to the agencies` needs. |
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| in the sense that they benefit directly from the agency`s programs. |
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| Bureaucratic Acountability |
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| the degree to which bureaucrats are held accountable for the power they exercise. |
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| represents a compromise between a president-led bureaucracy and an expert one. |
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| these judges are empowered to administer oaths, seek evidence, take testimony, make factual and legal determinations, and render decisions. |
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| the act of reporting instances of official mismanagement. |
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| Demographic Representativeness |
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| is only a partial answer to the problem of bureaucratic accountability. |
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| is the courts authority to hear cases of a particular type. |
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| is the authority to be the first court to hear a case. |
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| is the authority to review cases that have already been heard in lower courts and are appealed to a higher court by the losing party. |
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| is the Supreme Courts power to declare another institution`s actions to be unconstitutional. |
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| a judicial decision that serves as a rule for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature. |
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| a request to the lower court to submit to the Supreme Court a record of the case. |
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| contains it`s full argument. |
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| which is attended only by the nine justices and in which they discuss and vote on the case. |
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| indicates which party the Court supports and by how large a margin. |
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| which explains the legal basis for the decision. |
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| When a majority of the justices agree on the legal basis of a decision the result is a _________ _________. |
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| presents the view held by most of the justices who vote with the winning side. |
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| a separate view written by a justice who votes with the majority but disagrees with its reasoning. |
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| a justice on the losing side explains the reasons for disagreeing with the majority position. |
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| a tradition that dates back to the 1840s, holds that a senator from the state in which a vacancy has arisen should be consulted on the choice of the nominee if the senator is of the same party as the president. |
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| a prominent philosophy of conservatives, holds that the Constitution should be interpreted in the way that a reasonable person would have interpreted it at the time it was written. |
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| Living Constitution Theory |
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| claims that the framers, through the use of broad language and basic principles, intended the Constitution to be an adaptable instrument. |
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| holds that judges should generally defer to precedent and to decisions made by legislatures. |
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| holds that judges should actively interpret the Constitution, statutes, and precedents in light of fundamental principles and should intervene when elected representatives fail to act in accord with these principles. |
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| a system of production and consumption of goods and services that are allocated through exchange. |
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| which holds that private firms should be free to make their own production and distribution decisions. |
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| One way the U.S. government participates in the economy is through the __________ of privately owned businesses. |
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Term
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| results when the output of goods and services is the highest possible given the amount of input that is used to produce it. |
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| Economists label these unpaid costs _____________. |
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| the rescinding of regulations already in force for the purpose of improving efficiency. |
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| occurs when an economic transaction is fair to each party. |
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Term
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| The governments efforts to maintain a thriving economy occur in part through it`s taxing and spending decisions, which together are referred to as its ______ _____. |
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Term
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| an exceptionally steep and sustained decline in the economy. |
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| which is a less-severe downturn, government spending should also be increased but by a lesser amount. |
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| emphasizes the consumer "demand" component of the supply-demand equation. |
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| in which the federal government spends more in a year than it receives in tax and other revenues. |
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| which is the total cumulative amount the federal government owes to its creditors. |
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| in which revenues are equal to government expenditures. |
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| in which the federal government receives more in tax and other revenues than it spends. |
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| which emphasizes the business component of the supply-demand equation. |
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| the tax that individuals pay on gains in capital investments such as property and stocks. |
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| Graduated, Personal Income Tac |
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| in which the tax rates increases significantly as income rises, thus shifting more of the tax burden to wealthier individuals. |
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| which is based on adjustments in the amount of money in circulation. |
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| an increase in the average level of prices of goods and services. |
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| the annual cost of a thrifty food budget for an urban family of four, multiplied by three to include the cost of housing clothes, and other necessities. |
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| holds that the government governs best by staying out of peoples lives. |
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| is the idea that government intervention is necessary in order to enhance personal liberty and secuirty when individuals are buffeted by economic and social forces beyond their control. |
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| meaning that any individual who meets the eligibility criteria is entitled to their benefit. |
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| because eligibility is restricted to individuals who paid special payroll taxes during their working years. |
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| programs that are funded through general tax revenues and are available only to the financially needy. |
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| that is applicants must prove that they are poor enough to qualify for the benefit. |
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| not cash, but food stamps that can be spent only on grocery items. |
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| the idea that people should have a reasonable chance to succeed if they make the effort. |
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| what is best for the nation in terms of protecting its physical security and way of life. |
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| Before World War II, the United States was a mostly ___________ country. |
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| a nation that is deeply involved in world affairs. |
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| the notion that Soviet aggression could be stopped only by the determined use of American power. |
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| Developments in the late 1940s embroiled the United States into a ___ ____ with the Soviet Union. |
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| the United States versus the Soviet Union. |
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| the United States was now the worlds unrivaled military superpower. |
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| the idea that major nations should act together in response to problems and crises. |
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| A new national security doctrine announced by President Bush in 2002. |
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| the situation in which one nation takes action against another state or states. |
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| is based on the concept of mutually assured destruction. |
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| is terrorism that transcends national borders and includes attacks on nonmilitary targets. |
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| Military Industrial Complex |
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| has three main components: the military establishment, the arms industry, and the members of Congress from states and districts that depend heavily on the arms industry. |
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| Multinational Corporations/Transnational Corporations |
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| are when a corporation has operations in more than one country. |
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| is a term that describes the increased interdependence of nations` economies. |
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| holds that barriers to international trade should be kept to a minimum. |
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| holds that domestic producers should be protected from foreign competitors. |
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| they have to score high on an exam or have specialized training. |
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| provide advice to the President. |
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Definition
| are created when Congress realizes the need for ongoing regulation of a particular economic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| resemble the cabinet departments but typically have a narrower area of responsibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leading administrative units are the fifteen ______ departments. |
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Term
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Definition
| are the established procedures and regulations by which a bureaucracy conducts its operations. |
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