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| A system of government in which a constitution divides power between a central government and regional government. |
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| The notion that the Constitution grants to the federal government specifically named in its text. |
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| Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers. |
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| Necessary and Proper Clauses |
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| Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution provides Congress with the authority to make all laws needed to carry out its expressed powers even if those laws are not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. |
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| Power, derived from the tenth amendment of the Constitution, that are specifically delegated to the states; these powers are reserved to the states. |
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| Power reserved to the state to regulate the health, safety, welfare, and morals of its citizens. |
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| Authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
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| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
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| The provision in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that each state normally honors the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state. |
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| Privileges and Immunities Clause |
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| The provision from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special treatment. |
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| Power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs. |
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| The system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 - 1937 in which most fundamental government powers were shared between the federal and the state governments, with the states exercising the most important powers. |
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| The clause found in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate commerce with Foreign nations, and among several States and with the Indian Tribes." This clause was interpreted by he Supreme Court to favor of national power over economy. |
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| A type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aids have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals. Also known as intergovernmental cooperation. |
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| A general term for funds given by congress to state and local governments. |
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| Funds given by Congress to states and localities that are earmarked by law for specific categories, such as education or crime prevention. |
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| Grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on competitive basis. |
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| Grants-In-Aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive. |
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| A form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on the states and localities requiring them to meet national standards. |
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| National standards or programs imposed on state and local governments by the federal government without accompanying funding or reimbursement. |
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| Federal funds given to state governments to pay for goods, services, or programs with relatively restrictions on how the funds may be spent. |
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| The principle that states should oppose increasing authority of the national government. This view was most popular during the Civil War. |
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| A legal doctrine that holds that states cannot be sued for violating an act of Congress. |
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| The mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches. |
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| The preeminent position assigned to Congress by the Constitution. |
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| The condition in American government in which the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress. |
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| The claim that confidential communications between the president and the president's personal advisors should be reveled without the consent of the president. |
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| Supreme and independent political authority. (See page 74) |
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| Powers specifically granted to the federal government in the text of the Constitution. (See page 75) |
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| Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8) of the Constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers. (See page 76) |
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| owers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states; these powers are reserved to the states. (See page 76) |
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| A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. Habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion. (See page 101) |
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