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| aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs shared by some portion of the adult population |
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| general agreement among citizens on an issue |
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| Public opinion polarized between two very different yet strong positions (e.g. abortion) |
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| don't care to have or give their opinion |
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| Everyone has an equal chance of being selected |
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| Less accurate, polling organizations pre-determine charactertics that they want and try to find respondents to fill those spots, results typically worsen |
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The difference between a sample's result and the actual restult
a.ka. the margin of error |
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| Correct analytical and statistical techniques |
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unbiased questions
order, content, and presentation of Q's
difficulty of question
strong support not soft |
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just asking people questions with absolutely no technique whatsoever
unable to draw strong conclusions |
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| speed with which people's opinions change |
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questions manipulated to make you change your mind
illegitimate practice |
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| the process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs |
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| Most important force in socialization |
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Learn patriotism, structure of government, and how to form positions on issues
another form of socialization |
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Most likely to shape political opinion when peer groups are politically active
another form of socialization |
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another socialization issue
religious groups give definite political preferences |
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| Put some vague idea into a measurable form |
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| Economic Status and socialization |
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| another socialization issue |
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another socialization issue
events impact peoples political attitude |
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| effect of an event is long lasting and impacts preferences of those who came of age at that time |
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Another socialization issue
Age, gender, culture, |
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| allows people to be a part of the government without being totally involved in the structure |
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| an organized group of individuals who share a common goal or objective and attempt to influence policy-makers in all levels |
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| Motivated by economic benefits or opportunities |
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| labor unions, business, agricultural, public employee, interest group of professionals |
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| pursue to increase the public good |
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meeting officials and attempting to convince them to take your opinion
testifying before executives rule
assiting in drafting of legislation
entertaining legislators
providing information to legislators
assisting in nominating individuals to government posts |
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generating public pressure
using constituents as lobbyists
building alliances |
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| Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 |
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provided for public disclosure
failed because of no enforcement mechanism |
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1954
confirmed constitutionality of legislative reoganization act |
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a.k.a. interest group liberalism
government is so influenced by interest groups you have no policy trying to help with the common good |
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| more or less an interest group of activists who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine public policy |
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| Functions of Political Parties |
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Recruiting candidates for public office
Organizing and running elections
Presenting alternative policies to the electorate
Accepting responsibility for operating the government
Acting as the organized opposition to the party in power |
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1789-1932- creation of parties
1816-1824- era of one party rule
1828-1860- two party rule
1864-1892- post civil war period
1896-1928- Progressive era
1932- present- modern era |
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| National republican Party |
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| a.k.a. whigs, splinter of Democratic-Republicans |
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| Amalgamation of professionals, immigrants, etc... |
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| members of the general public who identify with a political party or who express a preference for one party over the other, supporters of the party |
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| the formal structure and leadership of a political party, including election commmittees; local, state, and national executive, and paid professionals |
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| all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a political party |
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2 year terms
more campaigning than issues |
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| entire country is divided up into electoral district and each one sends a representative to the colleg of representatives (e.g. OK has 5) |
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| Proportional representation |
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system that is designed to maximize the representation
plurality
common in Europe |
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party dictates that particular state delegation's choice
very very rare |
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| only voter who are declared party members can vote |
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| voters can vote in either party primary without disclosing their party affiliation |
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| voters can vote in primary elections for candidates of more than one party |
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| if no candidate receives a majority in the first primary, some states require a second primary between the top thow candidates |
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535 members
actually elect the president and vice |
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| Requirement for running for office |
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vary from state to state
define citizenship as where you were born |
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| Presidential requirements |
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| must be natural born citizen, 35 yrs old, and a resident of that state for 14 years before inauguration |
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| Vice Presidential Requirements |
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| natural born citizen, 35 years old, cannot be from same state as presidential candidate |
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| citizen for 9 years, 30 years old, resident of state from which elected |
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| citizen for 7 years, 25 years old, resident from state from which elected |
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| best way to find out abou tthe U.S. public political involvement |
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| fewer citizens feel involved enough in their community to be interested in voting |
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| people choose not to inform themselves on issue because they do not believe their vote is a deciding factor |
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| length of campaigns and negative advertising may drive voters away |
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| always over 50% reelection rate |
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| sgnificant and durable swing in party strength and control |
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| party support is fragmented, breaks old pattern but doesn't establish a long term support |
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| someone who feels so strongly about an issue that they will vote or note vote for the candidate due to their views |
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| indicate how well a campaign is going by polling nearly everyday |
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| small groups of peole consultatns use to gather information about reactions to candidates and issues |
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| Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925 |
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limted elction expenses to candidates
required disclosures |
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| failed in general but seccessful in dealing with political shadiness |
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| Federal Election Campaign Act of 1972 |
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restricted mass media expenditures
$1 for public funding from income tax |
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| Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 |
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Created Federal Election Commission which is designed to enforce the campaign laws
established PACs |
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| declared that people can spend however much money they want to on their own campaign, symbolic speech |
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| Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002 |
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banned soft money contributions to national party committees
placed limitations on issue advocacy ads |
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| money that is set aside at local and state levels and used only for voeter registration use |
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Challenged restrictions
ruled in favor of FEC
but it was a 5-4 split |
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