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| a form of government oversight that involves selective monitoring triggered by complaints from citizens and interest groups who bring potential problems to legislator’s attention |
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| political parties that use the resources of the state to maintain its position within the political system. There is more inter-party action than focusing on the public |
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| concerned with "understanding which functions and instruments are best centralized and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government" (Oates, 1999). In other words, it is the study of how competencies (expenditure side) and fiscal instruments (revenue side) are allocated across different (vertical) layers of the administration |
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| special form of veto that authorizes a chief executive to reject particular provisions of a bill enacted by a legislature without vetoing the entire bill. |
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| means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote |
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| type of parliamentary procedure where debate is extended, allowing one or more members to delay or entirely prevent a vote on a given proposal |
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| help officers and agencies of the executive branch manage the operations within the federal government itself. |
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Nondiscretionary Spending |
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| non-discretionary spending in the developed world may well seem like an unattainable luxury to millions of people in developing countries who lack basic foodstuffs, sanitation and shelter. |
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| doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary |
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| economic theory stating that active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. |
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| judicial rulings suspected of being based on personal or political considerations rather than on existing law. |
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| argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as lowering income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation. |
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| A branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed on the basis of professional merit as proven by competitive examinations, or b) the body of employees in any government agency other than the military. |
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| practice where apolitical party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity. |
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| policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad |
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