Adjectives and

Adverbs are used to

1. Descriptive
2. Possessive
3. quantity
4. cardinal numbers
5. ordinal numbers
6. demonstrative

answer the questions what kind, what color, what size or which?

e.g.

beautiful, easy, important, small…

 (answer the question whose?)

    his, your, Mary’s, students’…

(answer the questions how

    many? or how much?)

    much, many, few, little…

cardinal numbers 

ordinal numbers 

 (answer the question how many?)

    one, two, hundred, thousand…

(answer the question which?)

    first, second, third…

demonstrative adjective (function and question)

(answer the question    which?)

Demonstrative adjectives are exceptional because it is the only kind of adjectives that changes in number to agree with the noun it modifies.

(answer the question how?)

    honestly, badly, quickly, fluently…

(answer the question how+adjective or adverb?)

    very, rather, so, quite, much, little, a little, far…

adverb of frequency  answer the question ________

(answer the question how often?)

 constantly, always, often, frequently, usually, regularly, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never

+ gradually/eventually

(exceptional adverbs of manner) 

Adverbs of time and place 

(answer the question when/where?)

    now, early, late, yesterday, now, then, here, there…

Adverbs of degree

 only, just, nearly, hardly, scarcely, 

barely, certainly, definitely, even, typically, virtually, almost, totally, fully, specifically, originally, primarily, also, mere, a mere

1. of pronoun: my, his, her, one's, its, our, your, their
2.  of singular noun: Helen's, my sister's
3. of plural noun: my sisters', the children's (not the childrens')

Read the word till the apostrophe to check whether the possessive form is correct:

Children’s →  children (correct)

Childrens’ →  childrens (wrong)

1. Possession: my sister's house
(To check, build a sentence with the verbs own/possess/belong: My sister owns/possesses the house./The house belongs to my sister.)

2. Family relations: my sister's husband

3. Some time expressions: yesterday's newspaper

_______ of ______

Usage

1. Possession: the house of my sister

2. Family relations: the husband of my sister

3. Other connections/relations: the book of exercises (the book contains exercises)

(A) the book's cover   - wrong (the book possesses the cover)

(B) the cover of the book  - correct

Strategy

• _____ 's _______ 
•  ________ of ______

1. Look for other differences.

2. If there are no other differences, choose ______ of _______ .

**(A) These kind of books Wrong

    (B) This kind of books Correct (The demonstrative adjective relates to the noun that follows it directly)

hard& hardly                       

 hard (adverb) the same meaning as the adjective

                                                  hardly (adverb) means almost not

1. late (adverb) the same meaning as the adjective
2.          lately (adverb) means recently

high(adverb) the same meaning as the adjective

highly (adverb) means very much

deep(adverb) the same meaning as the adjective

                                                  deeply (adverb) means very much

wide(adverb) the same meaning as the adjective

widely (adverb) means all over

 flat (adverb) the same meaning as the adjective

flatly (adverb) means exactly

mere/a mere(adverb) = as little as/as few as (only)

         simple

merely (adverb) = simply

(notice this is an exception to the exception. normally it's the -ly form of excptional adjectives is the different one)

Choose:

merely + number

or? 

a/mere + number

before a noun

Any part of speech placed before a noun to describe it, turns into the adjective:

1. present participle (verb+ing) -> adjective
2. past participle (V3) -> adjective
3. Noun -> adjective

after the linking verbs or their infinitives be, become (also get and grow in the meaning of become),  remain (also stay in the meaning of remain), seem (also  appear in the meaning of seem),  consider

Through the linking verb, the adjective modifies the subject.

After a verb or infinitive - _______ (not necessarily immediately after a verb/infinitive)

before an adverb - 

5. adverbs of manner - 

before or after a participle

(past participle (V3)/present participle (verb+ing))

adverbs of intensity or frequency 

In passive voice past participle is not part of the verb. 

The verb is only verb be.

In questions on the adverbs of degree check

only, just, nearly, hardly, scarcely,  barely, certainly, definitely, even, typically, virtually, almost, totally, fully, specifically, originally, also, primarily, mere, a mere

When  words/phrases answering the questions where and when are next to each other.

 first use the word/phrase answering the question where and then the word/phrase answering the question when.

Yesterday at noon

______ can appear  before noun, gerund or after linking verb, verb of senses

Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner – after verbs or infinitives, before adjectives or adverbs, before or after participles
2. Adverbs of Frequency – before verbs or participles
3. Adverbs of Intensity – before adjectives, adverbs or participles
4. Adverbs of Degree – before any part of speech to which they relate logically
5. Time & Place 

1. before a noun        on    the plate

                                            preposition    noun

2. before a gerund    without  arguing

                                                 preposition     gerund

3. before a pronoun   about  them

                                                 preposition  pronoun

4. before a noun phrase (a noun phrase is a noun together with its description) 

    on   the white plate

 preposition  noun  phrase

but  = except for

Vs.

But (yet)

for (in order to)

vs. 

for (because of)

how does one destinguish between a gerund and a present particable?

examples:

1. studying languages is an exciting proccess
2. disappearing languages are not preserved

turn the verb+ing to a verb. if the sentence is logical, it's an adjective

Languages study? No ; studying is a verb (gerund)

Languages disappear? Yes ; study is an adjective

If there are both and and a preposition in the clause, first go by crossing out prepositional phrases

A box of chocolates and cookies -> A box and cookies are

                           preposition                   and

A box of chocolates and of cookies -> A box is ....

If a noun, pronoun or a gerund are followed by an extra information phrase, then  ____

then the noun, pronoun or gerund preceding the extra information phrase is the subject.

      It is possible to have two subjects in one clause  occurs when two nouns, gerunds, pronouns or infinitives are connected with 

 Money and recognition were his goal in life.

if It is the first subject -> a singular verb (agreeing with first)

If there is the secong subject -> determined by the 2nd subject

1. The noun news
2.  School subjects and scientific fields: physics, economics, genetics, politics etc.
3. Names of sports: aerobics, gymnastics, tennis etc.
4. Names of diseases: measles, mumps etc.
5. Private names: Mr. Jones, the United States, Athens etc.
6. Number + measure, age, time, sum:  five miles, twenty dollars, ten years etc.

a means – means

a series – series

a species - species

the plural for latin

-um -on

is

the singular for latin 

-a

is

analysis

the singular for latin

the plural for latin

-us

is ________

examples: 

alumnus

fungus

the singular for latin

-i

is___

Eaxmples:

alumni

fungi

one precent of europeans is / are ?

5% percent of my fingers is / are ?

one percent of europeans is more than 2 eurpoeans => use are

5% of my 20 fingers is 1 finger => use is

The word number can function as a noun or as an adjective, depending on

 the article

a (plural)or 

the (singular)

Animal / baby / inanimate object / concept

(never to a person)

or as "dummy noun" in phrases such as

it is reaining

In the beginning of a clause

We study English.

subject

We study English, but she studies French.

subject                                       subject

Jill and I study French.

after the verb be

It  was she  who encouraged me to write the novel.

subject     subject

There were Bob, Keith, Helen and I at the presentation.

subject                            subject

This is I.

Jill and I / me?

This is I / me?

it was she / her who...?

1. object pronouns can appear

after a preposition

after any verb except be

Posessive adjective / pronoun

3rd person

reflexive pronoun

singular

3rd person

himself /herself

oneself /  itself

Plural 

Reflexive pronoun

1st person

yourself

yourselves

before a noun
this is her notebook

before a gerund

we adore her performing Shakespere

is

without him helping us

correct?

no - there can't be an object after an object and don't read further.

without him help - wrong

replace the gerund in with any noun.

noun 

(because they act as a noun themselves)

1. To show that the subject both gives and receives the action:

I saw myself in the mirror. 

She hurt herself.

2.To show that the subject does the action alone:

 He prepared for the test (by) himself.

3. To show respect (noun+reflexive pronoun)

The King himself attended the festival.

4. To put emphasis (reflexive pronoun+noun/noun phrase) when the noun is the part of a group

Mary, herself a successful writer, …

(A) Mary, a former slave herself, wrote a novel dedicated to slavery. - wrong logic– the sentence does not talk about respect.

(B) Mary, herself a former slave, wrote a novel dedicated to slavery. - correct

Antecedant agrees in 

1. Number
2. Person
3. Gender

1. Plural noun

Oceanography studies oceans.

2. The +singular noun

Oceanography studies the ocean.

1. Plural noun

Dogs are animals.

2. A+singular noun 

A dog is an animal.

who, whom, whose,

which, that,

whereand when

1. Connects clauses (main clause and relative clause).
2. Relates to the preceding noun.
3. Functions as the subject or the object of the relative clause.

then that is a relative pronoun (subject)

the letter that is on the desk is from my grandmother

then that is a conjunction

he said that he would be late

then which is a relative pronoun

(a condition for deciding the function of which)

the pronoun always relates to a _____ except when (1) _____ or (2) ______

one preceding noun

1. list with and 
2. the phrase is a name (statue of liberty)

the general idea of the preceding clause.

rather it should relate to the preceding (specific) noun.

The preposition must come before the ___________, and not  _________

relative pronoun

at the end of the relative clause

The noun preceding the relative pronoun where must __________, and the noun preceding the relative pronoun when must _________.

indicate a place

indicate a time 

1. Look for other differences
2. If there are no other differences, both are wrong for other reasons.

The building whose windows are broken was damaged in the earthquake.

                        Its windows are broken.

1. the relative clause has non essential information and
2. seperated by commas

Strategy:

if you see two options which give essential information distinguised only by which or that

relative clause omissions:

A Correct

B Wrong

it is not allowed to omit the relative pronoun alone.

    It is allowed to omit the relative pronoun together with the verb be in these cases:

I. In essential information relative clauses:

1. When the relative pronoun comes before the verb in the progressive tense (verb be + present participle (verb+ing)):

I saw the man who was trying to unlock the door. →

                                               progressive tense

       I saw the man trying to unlock the door.

                                 noun  ^ verb+ing

                                            |

                                         no comma

Noun+ no comma + verb+ing = always the case of omitted relative pronoun + verb be.

trying to unlock the door  - a hidden relative clause with the hidden subject who  and the hidden part of the verb was.

1. in the beginning of a clause
   We study english
   Jill and I study french 
2. after the be / being / to be 
   it was she who helped me. 

1. After a prepositions
   They talked about him
   Everyone except for Matthew and me participated in the contest. 
2. After any verb  except for be.
   I saw them

subject 1 or 2

Objects (0 to ∞)

1. this is her notebook
2. we adore her performing Giselle

the adjective

the gir's group won the contest because they showed a better performance (Incorrect)