Term
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Definition
1. OBSERVATION
2. QUESTION
3. GATHER DATA
4. HYPOTHESES
5. THEORY
6. SCIENTIFIC LAW |
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Term
| 3 THEMES UNDERLYING THE STUDY OF GEOLOGY |
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Definition
1. THE EARTHS CRUST CONSIST OF A SERIES OF MOVING SECTIONS, OR PLATES, THAT MOVE IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER AS A RESULT OF PROCESSES ACTING DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH.
2. LIFE ON EARTH HAS EVOLVED THROUGH TIME.
3. EARTH PROCESSES HAVE BEEN ACTING IN SHAPING THE EARTH FOR IMMENSE PERIODS OF TIME. |
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Term
| THE EARTH SYSTEM IN FOUR SPHERES |
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Definition
1. HYPROSPHERE - WATER
2. ATMOSPHERE - AIR GASES
3. BIOSPHERE - PLANT AND LIVING THINGS
4. GEOSPHERE - INTER EARTH |
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Term
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Definition
| THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE WORKS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE ROCK CYCLE IN THE WEATHERING TRANSPORTATION AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTARY PARTICLES, AND IN THE COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION OF THOSE PARTICLES TO FORM SEDIMENTARY ROCK. |
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Term
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Definition
1. NATURALLY OCCURRING
2. INORGANIC
3. SOLID
4. CRYSTALLINE |
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Term
| PROPERTIES FOR IDENTIFYING MINERALS |
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Definition
1. LUSTER - TEXTURE OF MINERAL
2. COLOR
3. ABILITY TO TRANSMIT LIGHT
4. STREAK
5. CRYSTAL SHAPE
6. HARDNESS
5. CLEVAGE
6. FRACTURE
7. DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY |
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Term
| GRANITIC (FELSIC) IGNEOUS ROCKS |
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Definition
| ARE COMPOSED MAINLY OF LIGHT COLORED SILICATE MINERALS, SUCH AS QUARTZ FELDSPAR MUSCOVITE MICA AND CLAY MINERALS. |
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Term
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Definition
| COMPOSED MAINLY OF DARK COLORED SILICATE MINERALS, SUCH AS OLIVINE AMPHIBLES PYROZENES AND BIOTITE MICA |
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Term
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Definition
IGNEOUS
METAMORPHIC
SEDIMENTARY |
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Term
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Definition
SOLID (SILICATE MINERALS THAT HAVE CYSTALLIZED IN THE MELT)
LIQUID(THE MELT)
VOLATILES (MAINLY WATER) |
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Term
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Definition
INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
DECREASE IN PRESSURE
ADDITION OF VOLATILES |
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Term
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Definition
1.FORM MAINLY IN THE EARTHS MANTLE.
2.TEND TO ERUPT IN OCEAN OR ISLANDS
3.CONATIN DARK SILICATES
4.LOW IN SILICA
5.LOW VISCOSITY
6.FOR HAWAIIAN TYPE VOLCANOES (NON EXPOLSIVE)
7.FORM THE ROCK BASALT IF REACHING THE SURFACE
8.FOR GABBRO BELOW SURFACE. |
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Term
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Definition
1. FORM AT SHALLOWER DEPTHS THAN BASALTIC
2. ERUPT IN CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENTS
3. CONTAIN MAINLY LIGHT SILICATES
4. HIGH IN SILICA
5. HIGH VISCOSITY
6. FORM CINDER CONES (EXPLOSIVE)
7. FORM RHYOLITE AT SURFACE
8. FORM GRANITE BELOW SURFACE |
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Term
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Definition
| MAGMAS THAT SOLIDIFY BELOW THE EARTHS SURFACE |
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Term
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Definition
| MAGMA THAT SOLIDIFY ON THE EARTHS SURFACE |
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Term
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Definition
| FINE GRAINED IGNEOUS ROCKS TYPICALLY FORM AT THE EARTHS SURFACE AND RESULT FROM RAPID COOLING |
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Term
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Definition
| COARSE GRAINED IGNEOUS ROCKS FORMED BELOW THE EARTHS SURFACE RESULT FROM SLOWER COOLING |
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Term
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Definition
| IGNEOUS TEXTURES RESULT FROM MATERIAL EJECTED FROM EXPLOSIVE VOLCANOES |
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Term
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Definition
| IGNEOUS TEXTURES CONTAIN LARGE CRYSTALS IN A FINER-GRAINED MATRIX AND RESULT FROM ION RICH FLUIDS CIRCULATING AT A LATE STAGE IN THE SOLIDIFICATION OF MAGMA |
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Term
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Definition
| FORM BROAD, GENTLY-SLOPING DOMES AND CONSIST MAINLY OF BASALTIC TYPE MAGMAS |
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Term
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Definition
| ARE STEEPLY SIDED VOLCANOES CONSISTING DOMINANTLY OF PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL |
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Term
| COMPOSITE VOLCANOES (STRATOVOLCANOES) |
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Definition
| CONSIST OF ALTERNATING DEPOSITS OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| LARGE, FAULT BOUNDED VOLCANIC CRATER FORMED BY THE COLLAPSE OF A VOLCANIC VENT INTO A PARTIALLY EVACUATED MAGMA CHAMBER |
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Term
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Definition
| THE GREATEST VOLUME OF LAVA EXTRUDING ONTO THE EARTH SURFACE IS THROUGH FISSURE ERUPTIONS, FORMING EXTENSIVE FLOWS OF MAGMA THAT SOLIDIFY TO FORM FLOOD BASALTS. |
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Term
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Definition
| FELSIC (GRANITIC) MAGMAS BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH VISCOSITY OFTEN EXUDE ONLY A SHORT DISTANCE OUT OF THE VOLCANIC VENT BEFORE THEY SOLIDIFY WITHIN THE CRATER FORMING LAVA DOMES |
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Term
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Definition
| COLLING MAGMAS OFTEN CONTRACT TO FORM POLYGONAL JOINTING PATTERN CALLED COLUMNAR JOINTING |
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Term
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Definition
| METAMORPHIC ROCKS FORM FROM AN ORIGINAL IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, OR OTHER METAMORPHIC ROCK CALLED PARENT ROCK |
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Term
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Definition
| HEAT, PRESSURE, CIRCULATING FLUIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| THE RATE AT WHICH TEMPERATURES INCREASE WITH DEPTH IN THE EARTH IS CALLED GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT. |
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Term
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Definition
| PRESSURE CAN BE APPLIED EQUALLY FROM ALL DIRECTIONS |
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Term
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Definition
| PRESSURE APPLIED PREFERENTIALLY APPLIED FROM CERTAIN DIRECTIONS. |
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Term
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Definition
1. FOLIATED - DEFORMED DUE TO PRESSURE CAUSING INDIVIDUAL GRAINS TO DEVELOP A PREFERRED ORIENTATION.
2. NON-FOLIATED - MARBLE - METAMORPHOSED LIMESTONE - QUARTZITE - METAMORPHOSED SANDSTONE.
3. PORPHYROBLASTIC - ANALOGOUS OR PORHYRITIC TEXTURE IN IGNEOUS ROCKS LARGE CRYSTALS IN A MATRIX OF FINER MATERIAL |
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Term
| CONTACT (THERMAL) METAMORPHISM |
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Definition
| METAMORPHISM RESULTING FROM BAKING OF PARENT ROCK IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO IGNEOUS MAGMA |
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Term
| HYDROTHERMAL METAMORPHISM |
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Definition
| RESULTS FROM CIRCULATION OF ION-RICH FLUIDS AFTER MAGMA COOLS |
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Term
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Definition
| THE MOST EXTENSIVE FORM OF MERAMORPHISM OCCURS DURING MOUNTAIN BUILDING ALONG BOUNDARIES OF COLLIDING CONTINENTAL PLATES. |
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Term
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Definition
| RESULTS FROM FRICTION ALONG FAULT PLANES AT CONSIDERABLE DEPTH IN THE EARTH |
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Term
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Definition
| RESULTS FROM EXTREME HEAT AND PRESSURE AT POINT OF METEORITE IMPACT |
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Term
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Definition
1. FROST WEDGING - RESULTS FROM ALTERNATING EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION CAUSE BY FREEZING AND THAWING OF ICE.
2. SALT-CRYSTAL GROWTH - RESULTS FROM EVAPORATION OF SEAWATER IN COASTAL REGIONS, ALSO OCCURS IN ARID REGIONS WHERE EVAPORATION RATES ARE HIGH
3. SHEETING - OCCURS IN LARGE BODIES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS DUE TO EROSIONAL UNLOADING.
4. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY - PLANTS GROW INTO FRACTURES AND EXPAND THEM, ANIMALS BURROWING, ETC |
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Term
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Definition
1. DISSOLUTION - USUALLY CAUSED BY WEAK ACIDS RESULTING FROM MIXTURE OF WATER WITH DISSOLVED GASES.
2. OXIDATION - ADDITION OF OXYGEN TO SOMETHING EX IRON FORMING RUST
3. HYDROLYSIS - REACTION WITH WATER - MAIN PROCESS BY WHICH SILICATES WEATHER |
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Term
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Definition
| IS A FUNCTION OF CLIMATE AND ROCK CHARACTERISTICS. |
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Term
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Definition
1. PARENT MATERIAL
2. CLIMATE
3. PLANTS AND ANIMALS
4. TOPOGRAPHY
5. TIME |
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Term
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Definition
CONSIST OF DISTINCT LAYERS CALLED HORIZONS
1. SOLUM (TRUE SOIL)(O-B)
TOP SOIL (O-A)
O - MAINLY ORGANIC MATTER
A - MAINLY MINERAL MATTER, SOME BIO
E- LIGHT COLORED VERY LITTLE ORGANIC, MINERALS BLEACHED OUT
B- SUBSOIL (ZONE OF ACCUMULATION)- CONTAINS A LOT OF MINERAL MATTER WEATHERED OUT OF E LAYER
C- MAINLY PARTLY ALTERNATED PARENT- ROCK REGOLITH |
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Term
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Definition
EROSION DUE TO GRAVITY
1. FALL
2. SLIDE
3. FLOW |
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Term
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Definition
1. FAST - SLUMP, ROCK SLIDED, DEBRIS FLOW, EARTHFLOWS.
2. SLOW - CREEP, SOLIFLUCTION (WATER MAKING MATTER UNSTABLE) |
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Term
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Definition
1. FAST - SLUMP, ROCK SLIDED, DEBRIS FLOW, EARTHFLOWS.
2. SLOW - CREEP, SOLIFLUCTION (WATER MAKING MATTER UNSTABLE) |
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Term
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Definition
UNSATURATED ZONE (VADOSE ZONE)
- ZONE OF SOIL MOSTURE - NEAR SURFACE - PLANT ROOTS
- CAPILLARY FRINGE
- - BOUNDARY, WATER TABLE
ZONE OF SATURATION (PHREATIC ZONE) ALL PORES FILLED WITH WATER
- WATER IN THIS ZONE GROUND WATER. |
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Term
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Definition
| A STREAM THAT IS COLLECTING MORE WATER FROM GROUNDWATER THAN IT IS LOSING |
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Term
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Definition
| A STREAM THAT IS LOSING MORE WATER TO GROUNDWATER THAN GAINING |
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Term
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Definition
| AMOUNT OF OPEN PORE SPACE IN ROCK OR SOIL |
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Term
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Definition
| AMOUNT OF OPEN PORE SPACE IN ROCK OR SOIL |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ABILITY OF FLUIDS TO CIRCULATE THROUGH A ROCK OR SOIL |
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Term
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Definition
| LAYER OF ROCK OR SOUL THAT INHIBITS THE MOVEMENT OF WATER |
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Term
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Definition
| LAYER OF ROCK OR SOUL THAT TRANSMITS WATER EASILY |
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Term
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Definition
| THE TOTAL GEOGRAPHIC AREA THAT CONTRIBUTES WATER TO A STREAM OR RIVER |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IMAGINARY LINE THAT SEPARATES THE AREAS DRAINED BY TWO STREAMS |
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Term
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Definition
| STREAM CUTTING INTO SOLID BEDROCK |
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Term
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Definition
| CUT INTO SEDIMENT PREVIOUSLY DEPOSITED |
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Term
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Definition
ALPINE (VALLEY, MOUNTAIN) - FLOW DOWN MOUNTAIN
CONTINENTAL (ICE SHEETS)- FLOW OUTWARD FROM TOP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| UNSORTED MASS OF MATERIAL LEFT WHEN GLACIERS MELT |
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Term
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Definition
| LARGE BOULDERS LEFT FROM GLACIERS MELTING |
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Term
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Definition
LATERAL- LEFT FROM GLACIER PATH
MEDIAL- GLACIERS JOIN TOGETHER A FLOW
END- ROUND AREA COVERED BY GLACIER DEBRI
GROUND- LAYER OF UNSORTED GLACIAL SEDIMENT DEPOSITED AS GLACIER RETREATS. |
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Term
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Definition
CRUSTAL SUBSIDENCE AND REBOUND
SEA-LEVEL CHANGES
CHANGES TO RIVERS AND VALLEYS
ICE DAMS |
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Term
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Definition
FLAT CENTRAL AREA OF UNDRAINED DESERT BASIN
TEMPORARY LAKE IN PLAYA |
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Term
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Definition
| A DISCONTINUOUS PATTERN OF INTERMITTEN STREAMS THAT DO NOT FLOW TO THE OCEAN |
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Term
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Definition
| PARTICLES CREATED BY WEATHERING AND EROSION OF ROCK, BY CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION FROM SOLUTION IN WATER OR FROM THE SECRETIONS OF ORGANISIMS AND TRRANSPORTED BY WATER WIND OR GLACIERS. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENT MOVED ALONG THE BOTTOM OF A STREAM BY MOVING WATER OR PARTICLES MOVED ALONG THE GROUND BY WIND. |
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Term
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Definition
| TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT THROUGH A SERIES OF LEAPS OR BOUNCES |
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Term
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Definition
| THE FINE SEDIMENT CARRIED WITHIN THE ODY OF FLOWING WATER OR AIR |
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Term
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Definition
1. DEFLATION- THE LIFTING OR REMOVING OF LOOSE MATERIAL BY WIND
2. BLOWOUTS- A DEPRESSION EXCAVATED BY WIND EASILY ERODED MATERIALS.
3. DESERT PAVEMENT- A LAYER OF COARSE PEBBLES AND GRAVEL CREATED WHEN WIND REMOVED THE FINER MATERIAL.
4. VENIFACTS - A COBBLE OR PEBLE POLSIHED AND SHAPED BY SANDBLASTING OF WIND. |
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Term
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Definition
1. SAND DUNES - A HILL OR RIDGE OF WIND DEPOSITED SAND.
2. CROSS BEDS- LAYERS INCLINED AT AN ANGLE FORMED BY WIND CURRENTS
2. SILT LOESS- DEPOSITS OF WINDBLOWN SILT, NO LAYERS, BUFF COLORED, VERTICAL CLIFF. |
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Term
| FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK |
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Definition
1. WEATHERING -
2. TRANSPORT
3. DEPOSITION |
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Term
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Definition
| A COLLECTIVE TERM FOR ALL THE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE AFTER SEDIMENTS ARE DEPOSITED AND DURING AND AFTER LITHIFICATION |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PROCESS GENERALLY CEMENTATION AND OR COMPACTION OF CONVERT IN SEDIMENTS TO SOLID ROCK |
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Term
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Definition
| A TYPE OF LITHIFICAITON IN WHICH THE WEIGHT OF OVERLYING MATERIAL COMPRESSES MORE DEEPLY BURIED SEDIMENT, SHALE. |
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Term
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Definition
| WAY SEDIMENTS ARE LITHIFIED MATERIAL FROM WATER FILLS SPACES WITH WATER AND ARE HARDENDED INTO A SOLID. |
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Term
| DETRIAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS |
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Definition
| ROCKS THAT FORM FROM THE ACCUMULATION OF MATERIALS THAT ORIGINATED AND ARE TRANSPORTED AS SOLID PARTICLES DERIVED FROM BOTH MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL WEATHERING. SHALE SANDSTONE CONGLOMERATE/BRECCIA. |
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Term
| CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS |
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Definition
| SEDIMENTARY ROCK CONSISTING OF MATERIAL THAT WAS PRECIPITATED FROM WATER. LIMESTONE, CHERT, EVAPORITES, HALITE GYPSUM |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENTARY ROCK COMPOSED OF ROUNDED GRAVEL SIZED PARTICLES. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMED OF MATERIAL DEPOSITED FROM SOLUTION BY EVAPORATION OF THE WATER. HALITE, GYPSUM. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENTARY ROCK COMPOSED OF ANGULAR FRAGMENTS THAT WERE LITHIFIED. |
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Term
| CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS |
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Definition
CLASTIC- GRAIN SIZE
CHMICAL- MINERAL COMPOSTION |
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Term
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Definition
CONTINENTAL
MARINE
TRANSITIONAL |
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Term
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Definition
1. STRATA- PARALLEL LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
2. CROSS BEDDING- THIN LAYERS INCLINED AR AN ANGLE TO THE MAIN BEDDING
3. RIPPLE MARKS - CURRENT (GO IN DIRECTION OF CURRENT)-OSCILLATION (BACK AND FORTH FROM SURFACE WAVES)
4. RAINDROP IMPRINTS -
5. FOSSILS |
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Term
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Definition
CONFINING PRESSURE- EQUAL
DIFFERENTIAL - UNEQUAL & DIFFERENT DIRECTION |
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Term
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Definition
| DIFFERENTIAL STRESS THAT SHORTENS ROCK BODY |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| STRESS THAT CAUSES TWO ADJACENT PARTS OF A BODY TO SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER. |
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Term
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Definition
| SUDDEN RELEASE OF STORED STRAIN IN ROCKS THAT RESULTS IN MOVEMENT ALONG A FAULT. |
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Term
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Definition
| LOSS OF STRENGTH BY A MATERIAL IN SUDDEN FRACTURING |
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Term
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Definition
| SOLID STATE FLOW THAT PRODUCES A CHANGE IN THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF ROCK WITHOUT FRACTURING. DEEP WITH HIGH PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. |
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Term
| FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEFORMATION |
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Definition
ROCK TYPE
TEMPERATURE
CONFINING PRESSURE
TIME |
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Term
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Definition
| CONCEPTS THAT ILLUSTRATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAGMA AND THE MINERALS CRYSTALLIZING FROM IT DURING THE FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE LOCATION ON THE EARTHS SURFACE THAT LIES DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS OF AN EARTHQUAKE |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ZONE WITHIN EARTH WHERE ROCK DISPLACEMENT PRODUCES AN EARTHQUAKE |
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Term
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Definition
| A RAPIDLY MOVING WAVE GENERATED BY EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY CAPABLE OF INFLICTING HEAVY DAMAGE ON COASTAL REGIONS. |
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Term
| MODIFIED MECALLI INTENSITY SCALE |
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Definition
| A 12 POINT SCALE DEVELOPED TO EVALUATE EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE TO VARIOUS STRUCTURES. |
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Term
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Definition
| A SCALE OF EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE BASED ON THE AMPLITUDE OF THE LARGEST SEISMIC WAVE. |
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Term
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Definition
| STUDY OF ANCIENT CLIMATES, BEFORE PERIOD OF INSTRUMENTAL RECORDS USING PROXY DATA |
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Term
| PROXYS OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY |
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Definition
SEAFLOOR SEDIMENTS
OXYGEN ISOTOPES
TREE RINGS
FOSSIL POLEN
CORALS
HISTORICAL RECORDS. |
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Term
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Definition
| GASESOUS PORTION OF THE PLANET. OXYGEN, NITROGEN, WATER VAPOR, OZONE, AEROSOLS. |
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Term
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Definition
PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE CHANGES WITH ALTITUDE
1.TROPOSHERE - TROPOPAUSE(BOTTOM)
2. STRATOSPHER - STRATOSPAUSE
3. MESOPHERE- MESOPAUSE
4. THERMOSPHERE- (TOP) |
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Term
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Definition
| THE TRANSMISSION OF SHORTWAVE SOLAR RADIATION BY THE ATMOSPHERE COUPLED WITH THE SELECTIVE ABSOPTION OF LONGER WAVE LENGTH TERRESTRIAL RADIATION ESPECIALLY BY WATER VAPOR AND CARBON DIOXIDE RESULTING IN WARMING OF THE ATMOSPHERE. |
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Term
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Definition
| unmetapmorphosed parent rock spits along bedding planes. foliated |
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Term
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Definition
| foliated, mica is recrystallized into orientated zones along which the rock splits called clevage. |
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Term
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Definition
| FOLIATED- CRYSTALS LARGER THAN SLATE- GLOSSY APPERANCE - GOOD CLEAVE ZONES |
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Term
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Definition
| FOLIATED- CRYSTALS VISIBLE TO NAKED EYE- ROCK STILL SPLITS BUT NOT AS EASY, WAVY SURFACE |
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Term
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Definition
| FOLIATED- LIGHT AND DARK MINERALS ALTERNATING IN BANDS- DOES NOT SPLIT EASY |
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Term
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Definition
| NON FOLIATED- METAMORPHOSED LIMESTONE |
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Term
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Definition
| NON FOLIATED- METAMORPHOSED SANDSTONE. |
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Term
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Definition
| ANALOHOUS TO PORHYRITIC TEXTURE IN IGNEOUS ROCKS, LARGE CRYSTALS WITH MATRIX OR FINER MINERAL |
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