Term
| what bones form the bony pelvis? |
|
Definition
| 2 hip bones, sacrum, coccyx |
|
|
Term
| where is the pubic symphysis? |
|
Definition
| between the hip bones anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| what is the sacroiliac joint? |
|
Definition
| the strong articulation between the sacrum and the hip bones |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 bones in the hip bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what separates the 3 bones of the hip in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do the 3 bones of the hip bone fuse together? |
|
Definition
| early adulthood, ages 20-25 |
|
|
Term
| where is the fusion site of the 3 bones of the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large cup-shaped socket that articulates with the head of the femur |
|
|
Term
| what is the lunate surface of the acetabulum? |
|
Definition
| the articular surface where the head of the femur articulates with acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| which bone forms the largest portion of the hip bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ala of the ilium? |
|
Definition
| the wing-like lateral surface |
|
|
Term
| what is the body of the ilium? |
|
Definition
| the part of the ilium that makes up part of acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| what part of the acetabulum does the ilium contribute to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the gluteal lines? |
|
Definition
| rough curved lines on ilium for attachment of the gluteal muscles |
|
|
Term
| what are the names of the 3 gluteal lines? |
|
Definition
| anterior gluteal line, posterior gluteal line, inferior gluteal line |
|
|
Term
| where/what is the iliac fossa? |
|
Definition
| on the medial surface of the iliac wing, large smooth depression, provides muscular attachment for iliacus muscle |
|
|
Term
| where/what is the auricular surface of the ilium? |
|
Definition
| rough ear-shaped area that makes up ilium's portion of sacroiliac joint (articulates with sacrum) |
|
|
Term
| what is the roughened area for ligamentous attachments just superior to the auricular surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the acetabulum does the ischium contribute to? |
|
Definition
| posteroinferior 2/5ths of the wall of the acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| what is the ischiopubic ramus |
|
Definition
| where the ischial ramus attaches to the pubic ramus, forms the boundary of the obtuartor foramen |
|
|
Term
| what is the ischial tuberosity? |
|
Definition
| a large roughened portion on the ischium |
|
|
Term
| what separtes the greater and lesser sciatic notches along the ischium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the acetabulum is made by the pubis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the base of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
| superior: articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra |
|
|
Term
| where is the apex of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
| posterior: articulates with coccyx |
|
|
Term
| what are the transverse ridges? |
|
Definition
| mark the fusion site of each of 5 sacral vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| where/what are the ventral foramina of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
| on ventral side of sacrum; for the passage of ventral rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| where/what is the median sacral crest? |
|
Definition
| posterior sacrum, represents the fused spinous processes |
|
|
Term
| where/what are is the intermediate sacral crest? |
|
Definition
| on posterior sacrum on either side of the median sacral crest; represent the fused articular processes |
|
|
Term
| where/what are the lateral sacral crests? |
|
Definition
| on posterior sacrum on lateral sides of the intermediate sacral crests; represent the fused transverse processes |
|
|
Term
| where/what are the dorsal sacral foramina? |
|
Definition
| on dorsal side of sacrum, for the passages of dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| describe sacrum's auricular surface |
|
Definition
| lateral, articulate with ilium to form sacroiliac joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where lamina and spinous processes of S5 vertebra would be if it existed |
|
|
Term
| describe the sacral cornua? |
|
Definition
| on either side of sacral hiatus; rudimentary inferior articular processes of S5 vertebra; important obstetrical landmarks when performing epidural blocks in the sacral canal |
|
|
Term
| what Is the longest and heaviest bone in the boyd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much does the femur contribute to an individual's height? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fovea of the femur? |
|
Definition
| small area on the femoral head that is not covered with cartilage that serves as point of attachment for ligamentum capitis femoris |
|
|
Term
| what attaches to the lesser trochanter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the linea aspera |
|
Definition
| rough prominent ridge on posterior femur that ends as the supracondylar lines; has a medial and lateral lip for muscular attachment; has a broad, rough expansion superiorly that is the gluteal tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| describe the acetabular labrum |
|
Definition
| fibrocartilagenous tissue that goes around acetabulum to deepen and protect bone |
|
|
Term
| describe the transverse acetabular ligament |
|
Definition
| stretches across the lunate surface of the acetabulum inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| describe the acetabular foramen |
|
Definition
| small foramen superior to the transverse acetabular ligament that allows protective passage of vessels |
|
|
Term
| describe the ligamentum capitis femoris |
|
Definition
| attaches femoral head at fovea to transverse acetabular ligament |
|
|
Term
| describe the small artery of the femoral head |
|
Definition
| travels with the ligamentum capitis femoris and vascularizes this ligament |
|
|
Term
| describe the articular capusle of the hip joint |
|
Definition
| strong, dense, fibrous capsule that surrounds the hip joint; made up of 3 ligaments; lined by synovial membrane |
|
|
Term
| describe the iliofemoral ligament |
|
Definition
| strongest ligament of the 3 ligaments that make up the joint capsule of the hip; located on anterior aspect of joint; Y shaped |
|
|
Term
| describe the ischiofemoral ligament |
|
Definition
| strong, triangular, located posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| how are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments oriented and what does this do? |
|
Definition
| spirally so that they are relaxed in flexion and taut in extension to stabilize hip joint and reduce muscular energy |
|
|
Term
| which 4 artery branches vascularize the hip joint? |
|
Definition
| medial circumflex artery, lateral circumflex artery, retinacular arteries, artery of the head |
|
|
Term
| which artery provides most of the blood supply to the head of the femur? |
|
Definition
| medial circumflex artery from femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| where do medial and lateral circumflex arteries come from? |
|
Definition
| femoral and/or deep arteries |
|
|
Term
| where do the retinacular arteries on the neck of the femur come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the artery to the head of the femur come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the artery to the head of the femur traverse with? |
|
Definition
| ligamentum capitis femoris |
|
|
Term
| femoral neck fractures are often associated with which bone disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vascular risk is associated with femoral neck fractures? |
|
Definition
| rupture of retinacular arteries |
|
|
Term
| what causes intertrochanteric fractures? |
|
Definition
| common in elderly patients, usually from a fall |
|
|
Term
| what causes spiral fractures of the body of the femur? |
|
Definition
| violent injury such as motor vehicle accident |
|
|
Term
| what are the lumbosacral joints? |
|
Definition
| the joint between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the base of the sacrum (plus intervertebral disc); joints between inferior facets of 5th lumbar vertebra and superior facets of sacrum |
|
|
Term
| describe the sacroiliac joint |
|
Definition
| synovial joint between the auricular surfaces of the ilium and the sacrum; sacrum fits like a wedge between the 2 iliac bones |
|
|
Term
| what does the sacroiliac joint do? |
|
Definition
| helps transmit weight from upper limbs and trunk to lower limb |
|
|
Term
| describe the sacrococcygeal joint |
|
Definition
| joint between sacrum and coccyx, has a thin fibrocartilagenous disc |
|
|
Term
| what happens to sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis during later months of pregancy? |
|
Definition
| they loosen under influence of relaxin |
|
|
Term
| what are the ligaments that restrict movement of the sacroiliac joint? |
|
Definition
| dorsal and ventral sacroiliac ligament, iliolumbar ligament, interosseous ligament |
|
|
Term
| describe the dorsal and ventral sacroiliac ligaments |
|
Definition
| strengthen and help stabilize sacroiliac joints |
|
|
Term
| describe the fibers of the dorsal sacroiliac ligament |
|
Definition
| has both short horizontal and long oblique fibers |
|
|
Term
| describe the iliolumbar ligaments |
|
Definition
| go from the 4th and 5th lumbar transverse processes to the iliac crest and base of the sacrum |
|
|
Term
| where is the interosseous ligament of the sacroiliac joint? |
|
Definition
| deep to the dorsal sacroiliac ligament |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 gluteal ligaments that bind together the bony pelvis? |
|
Definition
| sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments |
|
|
Term
| describe the sacrotuberous ligament |
|
Definition
| goes from lateral margins of sacrum to ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| describe the sacrospinous ligament |
|
Definition
| runs from lateral sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine |
|
|
Term
| when do the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments provide resilience to the sacroiliac joint? |
|
Definition
| when vertebral column sustains weight increase such as jumping |
|
|
Term
| what divides the sciatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
| the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what is the large, heavy muscle that lies over other gluteal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe fibers of gluteus maximus |
|
Definition
| fibers course inferolaterally at a 45 degree angle and insert into gluteal tuberosity and IT band |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the gluteus maximus? |
|
Definition
| extend and laterally rotate thigh (rising to stand, ice skating, going up stairs) |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the gluteus maximus? |
|
Definition
| inferior gluteal nerve L5, S1, S2 |
|
|
Term
| what do gluteus minimus and medius do? |
|
Definition
| abduct hip, stabilize opposite side pelvis during ambulation |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the gluteus minimis and medius? |
|
Definition
| superior gluteal nerve L4, L5, S1 |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates all hip abductors? |
|
Definition
| superior gluteal nerve L4, L5, S1 (come get me some) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness in gluteus minimus and medius or damage to superior gluteal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what happens in gluteal gait? |
|
Definition
| compensatory gait: person shifts body weight over weakened side bc otherwise they would lean away from weakened side |
|
|
Term
| describe trendelenburg test |
|
Definition
| person stands on one leg: positive trendelenburg = pelvis sags on opposite side of weakness |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 lateral rotators of the hip from superior to inferior? |
|
Definition
| piriformis, superior gemelli, obturator internus, inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| describe piriformis muscle |
|
Definition
| lateral rotator that exits the great sciatic foramen and attaches to greater trochanter |
|
|
Term
| which muscle covers most of the lateral wall of the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the obturator internus go through to exit the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does obturator internus insert? |
|
Definition
| medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) |
|
|
Term
| what do the gemelli muscles do? |
|
Definition
| assist obturator internus |
|
|
Term
| gemelli muscle tendons fuse with what other mucsle tendon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe innervation to lateral rotators of the hip |
|
Definition
| piriformis: nerve to piriformis; obturator internus and superior gemelli: nerve to obturator internus; quadratus femoris and inferior gemelli: nerve to quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the piriformis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris |
|
|
Term
| where do the hamstrings arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hamstrings (except bicep short head) span which joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what action do the hamstrings do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another important function of hamstrings besides hip extension and knee flexion? |
|
Definition
| tonic contractions help keep balance while standing = posture |
|
|
Term
| what usually causes pulled hamstrings? |
|
Definition
| inadequate warming of the muscles prior to athletic events |
|
|
Term
| what happens when a hamstring is pulled? |
|
Definition
| sudden acceleration of hamstring muscles can tear the proximal tendinous attachments and even avulse small fragments of the ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| what accompanies a pulled hamstring? |
|
Definition
| hematomas due to traumatic rupture of muscular arteries |
|
|
Term
| where is the trochanteric bursa? |
|
Definition
| between the greater trochanter and the overlying gluteus maximus and IT band |
|
|
Term
| where is pain of trochanteric bursitis felt? |
|
Definition
| over the outside of the upper thigh |
|
|
Term
| where do the superior gluteal nerve and artery exit the greater sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the inferior gluteal nerve and artery exit the greater sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does sciatic nerve exit the greater sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what area does the piriformis nearly fill? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lies on the lateral surface of the piriformis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does sciatic nerve exit pelvis inferior to piriformis in erveryone? |
|
Definition
| no, sometimes a division passes through or over the piriformis |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest nerve in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 divisions that the sciatic nerve divides into in popliteal region? |
|
Definition
| tibial, common fibular branches |
|
|
Term
| where is medicine injected in gluteal region? |
|
Definition
| upper lateral quadrant to avoid sciatic nerve, which is in lower medial quadrant |
|
|
Term
| what nerve provides posterior cutaneous innervation to the thigh? |
|
Definition
| posterior femoral cutaneous nerve S1, S2 |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply cutaneous sensation to the butt? |
|
Definition
| dorsal rami of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| what is the main flexor of the hip? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main extensors of the hip? |
|
Definition
| gluteus maximus and hamstrings |
|
|
Term
| what are the main abductors of the hip that also help stabilize hip? |
|
Definition
| gluteus medius and minimus |
|
|
Term
| what are the lateral rotators of the hip? |
|
Definition
| gluteus maximus, piriformis, quadratrus femoris, gemellis |
|
|
Term
| what are the main adductors of the hip? |
|
Definition
| adductor magnus and longus |
|
|
Term
| what are the main medial rotators of the hip? |
|
Definition
| anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus |
|
|
Term
| what usually causes posterior hip dislocations? |
|
Definition
| motor vehicle accidents when femur is flexed and adducted (sitting) |
|
|
Term
| why are posterior hip dislocations often medical emergencies? |
|
Definition
| often result in avascular necrosis |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to acetabulum during posterior hip dislocations? |
|
Definition
| can fracture posterior aspect of acetabulum, leading to servere osteoarthritis and sciatic nerve injury |
|
|
Term
| what exits greater sciatic foramen above piriformis muscle? |
|
Definition
| superior gluteal nerve, artery, vein |
|
|
Term
| what exits lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enters lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
| pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels |
|
|
Term
| what exits greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle? |
|
Definition
| inferior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal vessels, sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve, internal pudendal artery and vein, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, nerve to obturator internus, nerve to quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| what exits obturator canal? |
|
Definition
| obturator nerve, obturator vessels |
|
|
Term
| what exits below inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
| iliopsoas, pectineus, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymphatics, femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve |
|
|
