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| comes from Latin phrase meaning "to the man.' Refers to an argument that attacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand. |
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| fictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts |
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| the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words |
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| passing reference to a familiar person, place, or thing drawn from history, the Bible, mythology or literature; an economical way for a writer to capture the essence of an idea, atmosphere, emotion or historical era |
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| uncertain or indefinite; subject to more than one interpretation |
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| asks a reader to think about the correspondence or resemblance between two things that are essentially different; a form of comparison to which the writer expalins something unfamiliar by comparing it to something familiar |
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| reading actively, paying close attention to both the content and thes tructure of the text |
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| the grammatical term for the noun of or pronoun from which another pronoun derives its meaning |
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| opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses |
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| a figure or speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker |
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| occurs in literature when a character or thing is elevated to such a high status that it appears godlike |
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| word or phrase that follows a noun or pronoun for emphasis or clarity; usually set off by commas |
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| one of the four basic types of prose; to attempt to convince the reader to agree with a point of view, to make a given decision, or to pursue a particular course of action; based on reasonable explanations and appeals to the reader's intelligence |
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| thesis or proposition that a writer puts forward in argument |
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| type of internal rhyming in which vowel sounds are repeated |
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| a belief or principle, stated or implied, that is taken for granted |
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| occurs when the conjunctions that would normally connect a string of words, phrases or clauses are omitted from a sentence |
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| the emotional feeling - or mood - of a place, scene or event |
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| describes the feelings of a particular speaker or piece of writing toward a subject, person or idea |
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| the intended readership for a piece of writing |
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| false or forced emotion that is often humorous |
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| cause and effect analysis |
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| one of the types of exposition; answers the question "why" |
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| thesis or proposition put forth in argument |
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| one of the types of exposition; the writer arranges and sorts people, places, or things into categories according to their differing characteristics, thus making them more manageable for the writer and more understandable for the reader |
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| expression that has become ineffective through overuse |
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| quality of good writing that results when all sentences, paragraphs and longer divisions of an essay are naturally connected |
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| characteristic of or appropriate to spoken language or to writing that seeks its effect |
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| names a specific object, person, place or action that can be directly perceived by the senses |
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| refers to general qualities, conditions, ideas, actions or relationships that cannot be directly perceived by the senses |
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| the implied or suggested emaning of the word |
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| the dictionary meaning of the word, the literal meaning |
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| used to elaborate ideas; help writers to expand on their ideas by allowing them to show both what a thing is wand what it is not |
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| process of reasoning from a stated premise to a necessary conclusion; moves from the general to the specific |
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| one of the types of exposition; a statement of the meaning of a word |
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| one of the four basic types of prose; tells how a person, place or thing is perceived by the five senses |
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| conversation that is recorded in a piece of writing |
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| refers to an author's choice of words |
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| division (and classification) |
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| separate yet closely related mental operations; involves breaking down a single large unit into smaller subunits or brekaing down a large group or items into discrete categories |
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| the single mood, atmosphere, or quality a writer emphasizes in a piece of descriptive writing; created through the careful selection of details and is influenced by the writer's subject, audience and purpose |
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| the version of a piece of writing at a particular stage in the writing process |
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| writer makes his or her prose conform to the conventions of the language |
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| work that expresses sorrow; mourns the loss of something, such as the death of a loved one |
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| the placement of important ideas and words within sentences and longer units of writing so that they have the greatest impact |
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| relatively short piece of nonfiction in which the writer attempts to make one or more closely related points |
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| characteristic spirit or ideal that informs a work; refers more generally to ethics, or values of the arguer |
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| mild or pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate or simply less pleasant idea; used to soften the impact of what is being discussed |
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| an assessment of a piece of writing for its effectiveness or merit |
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| the data on which a judgement or argument is based or by which proof or probability is established |
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| illustrate a larger idea or represent something of which they are a part |
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| type of exposition; the writer uses examples to support a generalization and to make it more vivid, udnerstandable and persuasive |
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| one of the four basic types of prose; serves to clarify, explain and inform |
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| a piece of information presented as having a verifiable certainty or reality |
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| brief, imaginative comparisons that highlight the similarities between things that are basically dissimilar |
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| an umbrella term for all uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison |
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| limitation that a writer gives his or her subject |
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| purposeful hint placed in a work of literature to suggest what may occur later in the narrative |
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| set a of rules that specify how a given language is used effectively |
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| a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis |
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| a word or phrase that is used habitually with a particular meaning in a language |
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| a mental picture that is conjured by specific words and associations |
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| the process of reasoning to a conclusion about all members of a class through an examination of only a few memers of the class |
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| occurs when a situation produces an outcome that is the opposite of what is expected |
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| when two contrasting things are placed next to each other for comparison |
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| an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalud, including oversimplication, non-sequitur, post hoc. ergo propter hoc, begging the question, false analogy and either/or thinking |
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| the use of reason as a contorlling principle in an argument |
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| figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared directly, usually for emphasis or dramatic effect |
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| figure of speech in which soemthing is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it |
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| prevailing or dominant feelings of a work, scene or event |
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| one of the four basic types of prose; to tell a story, to tell what happened |
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| relies heavily on personal interpretation |
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| an effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning |
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| a belief or conclusion not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof |
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| the thoughtful arrangement and presentation of one's points or ideas |
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| a brief summary of the whole work |
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| combines two contradictory words in one expression |
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| the speed of a story's action, dialogue or narration |
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| a seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth |
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| the single most important unit of thought in an essay; a series of closely related sentences that adequately develop the central or controlling diea of a paragraph |
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| literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures in a series in order to develop an argument or emphasize an idea |
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| an effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing an imitation of the work or of the author's style |
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| sympathetic feeling of pity or compassion evoked by an artistic work |
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| a grammatical term that describes the relationship of a writer or spearker to an audience by examining the pronouns that are used |
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| the character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text |
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| figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities |
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| the particular perspective from which a story is told |
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| emcompasses all the activities that take place before a writer actually starts a rough draft |
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| type of exposition; answers the question "how" |
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| stage of the writing process where the writer shares his or her writing with the intended audience |
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| a play on words; created by using a word that has two different meanings, or using two different words with similar meanings for a playful effect |
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| what the writer wants to accomplish in a particular piece of writing |
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| the reiteration of a word or phrase for emphasis |
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| the stage of the writing process where the writer determines what in the draft needs to be developed or clarified so that the essay says what the writer intends it to say |
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| rhetoric / rhetorical purpose |
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| the art and logic of a written or spoken argument |
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| rhetorical, or stylistic devices |
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| specific language tools that an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy and thus achieve a purpose for writing |
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| a question that is asked for the sake of argument |
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| plan of action or movement to achieve a goal |
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| to ridicule or mock ideas, events or doctrines, or to make fun of human foibles or weaknesses |
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| the specific words, incidents, images or events the author uses to create a scene or narrative |
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| the order in which a writer presents information |
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| commonly used figure of speech that compares the words "like" or "as" |
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| unconventional, very informal language of particular sub-groups of a culture |
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| the use of certain words or information that results in a biased view point |
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| the narrator of a story, poem or drama |
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| the means by which a writer achieves his or her purpose |
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| the individual manner in which a writer expresses his or her ideas |
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| an argument that utilizes deductive reasoning and consists of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion |
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| a person, place or thing that represents something behind itself |
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| a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word |
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| refers to the way words are arranged in a sentence |
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| (jargon) the special vocabulary of a trade or profession |
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| a feeling of excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood or atmosphere of the work |
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| describes thew ay elements of a work of prose or poetry are joined together |
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| considered the central idea |
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| a statement of the main idea of an essay |
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| a word or phrase set off at the beginning of an essay to identity the subject, to capture the main idea of the essay or to attract the reader's attention |
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| the way the author presents a subject |
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| states the central idea of the paragraph and thus limits and controls the subject of the paragraph |
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| words or phrases that link sentences, paragrpahs and larger units of a composition to achieve coherence |
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| when an author assigns less significance to an event or thing than it deserves |
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| achieved in an essay when all words, sentences and paragraphs contribute to its thesis |
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| how the speaker of a literary work presents himself to the reader |
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| consists of: prewriting, writing drafts, revision, editing and publication |
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| a particular breech of sense in a sentence; occurs when a word is used with two adjacent words in the same construction, but only makes literal sense with one of them |
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