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| How did Greece's geography effect its development? |
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Definition
| Mountains and valleys divided different parts of Greece into city-states. Did not create a large empire. Very loyal to their own city-state. |
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| Persian Wars, X vs. Y, battles, who won? Why? |
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Definition
| Persians against Athens(had more power), Won=Athens-most powerful city-state in Greece |
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Learning and arts encouraged by Alexander
Egypt=center of trade and religions
Archimedes(most famous scientist in Hellenistic time)-advances in Math & Science |
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| in Greece city-states, government headed by a privileged minority or upper class |
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Pericles made Athens the cultural center of Greece
Surrounded themselves with thinkers, writers, & artists
Success=Important |
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| Peloponnesian War, X vs. Y, winners? effects? |
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Definition
Athens against Sparta with help from Persian Navy, Sparta captured Athens (had a bad geographic location)
Effects=Democratic gov't suffered, Athens lost power |
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Definition
Officials in Ancient Rome who were elected by the Plebians to protect their interests
Officers chosen by plebians to represent them in the republic |
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| Members of the landholding upper class in Ancient Rome |
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| Gracchus Brothers-effects,reforms |
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Definition
Government reform=had state give land to poor farmers, public funds were given to poor to buy grains, created citizenship for some of Rome's allies
Effects-Senate=angry, street violence by senators (they were killed)
After Brothers death=Civil War |
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Definition
Government=Republic (thing of the people)
Senate=most powerful, 2 consuls-particians |
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Definition
"Roman Peace" 200 year span starting with Augustus, ending with Marcus Aurelis
Roman rules brought people, order, and unity to lands |
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| Causes of Roman Civil War |
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Definition
Issues of who should hold power -> senate or political leaders
Sparked slave uprisings and revolts among Rome allies |
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Term
| Charlemagne-how did he unite Europe? |
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Definition
| Crushed Romans, Crowned Emperor, Revived unity in Christian community, Worked closely with Church, Revived Latin and promoted learning and education |
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Definition
| Manor=Lord's estates, Peasants (serfs) were provided almost everything needed, paid Lord fee when married, paid with goods, peasants bound to their land, heart of economy |
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Definition
| Weakened discipline as Church's wealth and power grew |
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| Economic activity in towns |
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Definition
Agricultural revolution-new technology-windmill, 3 field system=1 for grains, 1 for legumes, 1 left empty
Trade revived |
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Definition
| "code of honor"- Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages |
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Definition
Cluny=monastery in eastern France, prohibited simony (selling of positions in Church)
Outlawed marriage for priests-renew faith |
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Definition
| "Great Charter", 2 ideas-asserted nobles, rights were made clear |
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Definition
| series of Holy wars, main goal=conquest of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslims, quickened pace of changes that were underway, increased level of trade |
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Definition
Production declined, inflation
Couldn't recover fully for over 100 years
Feudalism fell apart |
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Definition
Young peasant women sent by God to get Charles VII on throne - Hundred Years War
Lead French to victory |
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Definition
Evolved out of religious festivals, based on popular myths and legends; comedies; tragedies-written by
Aeschyls, Sophocles, & Euripides |
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| Achievements of Alexander (the Great) |
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Definition
| Spread Greek culture, blend in cultures, won many victories |
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| Form of government where power is in hands of a small, powerful elite, usually from business class |
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Definition
| Form of government in which the people hold the ruling power |
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| Highly educated in fighting |
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| After Persian War-Democratic government, good economy, cultural center |
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Balance & perfection
Classical |
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| Ancient Rome-officials from the Patrician class who supervised the government and commanded the armies |
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Definition
Early republic=most powerful gov't body
300 members (Particians)-served for life
Issued decrees and interpreted law |
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| Mosaics, very realistic, ideas largely came from Greeks |
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Preached forgiveness
Believed in 1 God and 10 Commandments, spiritual salvation and eternal life |
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| A talented general, gained throne in 312 AD, Granted toleration to Christians, Built new capitol-Constantinople, 2 parts: Eastern-central power (helped hold empire together), Western-in decline |
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| Rome's treatment of other people |
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Definition
| Roman forces crushed rebels, captured Jerusalem and destroyed temples |
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| Loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to greater lord |
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Devoted their lives to spiritual goals
Prayer and worship of God
Worked in fields |
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| Agricultural technologies |
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Definition
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| Frankish warriors stopped Muslims from taking over Tours, France and Western Europe and making it Islamic |
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Term
| Why did the Church have all the power? |
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Definition
| Pope claimed to have power because he was spiritual heir and representative of Christ on Earth |
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| Associations that dominated life in Medieval towns, decided important things, struggles between different kinds of guilds led to revolts and upheavals. Protected own economic interests. Limited membership to prevent competition |
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| A treaty in which Church had power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority |
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| Campaign that drove Muslims out of Spain |
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| Action of formally investing someone with honors or ranks (honoring someone) |
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