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| What type of data makes GIS unique? |
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| What number system do computers use? |
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| Each state (0 or 1) is called? |
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| Fundamental data unit in digital computers |
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| How many bits are in a byte? |
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| How many unique values can be in a byte |
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What does this equal
10111 |
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Do not exist between observation points
Form a separate entity
Ex: zebras and lakes
Can only exist as whole objects
Represented as a vector |
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Exist spatially between objects
Fractional parts are allowed
Ex: Elevation, Precipitation
Represented as a raster |
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Voting Patterns
Climate
Glaciers
Migration |
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| Usually numerical information to describe or measure geographical phenoma |
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Simplest level of measurement scale
Objects classed into groups
Cannot perform math between classes
Can only determine equality or inequality |
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Scaling based on a hierarchy
No means to determine how much distance separates observations |
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Can array events in order of rank
Know distance between observations
Units of interval scale equal throughout
The chosen intervals may not have natural origins, and does not make sense to make ratios between numbers |
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Ordering events with known distances separating the events
Ratio-scaling magnitudes are absolute and have a known starting point
The scale of measurement has a 0 as its origin
Most measurement in physical sciences is done one ration sclaes |
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Democrat
Republican
Independent |
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Class ranking (without knowing GPA)
Finishing position of racers
Mohs Hardness Scale
Likert Scale |
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Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
Celsius Temperature Scale
SAT Score |
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Kelvin Temperature Scale
Elevation above sea level |
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Imposed by researchers
An attempt to organize reality or to facilitate data collection
-Regions
-Census Tracts |
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| What characteristics of phenomena might make them hard to represent in GIS (4) |
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Ill defined spatial extent
Ill defined boundaries
Entities that change over time
Regions easy to characterize? |
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| Composed of two or more singular units |
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| Where did Roger Tomlinson work? |
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| Canadian Department Forestry and Rural Development |
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| What was the first true GIS |
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| The Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) created in 1966 |
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| GIS must be composed of these 3 things |
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A Database containing attribute information
Spatial or Map Information
A way to link the first two |
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| GIS can do the following with spatial information (6) |
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Capture
Archive
Retrieval
Projection
Analysis
Display |
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| ad hoc or context specific |
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| Three bases for classifying Geograpahic Problems |
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The scale or level of geographic detail
The basis of their intent or purpose
Timescale of the problem |
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| Implying a subset of the spatial applied specifically to the Earth's surface and near surface |
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| Large map scales have what size denotation? |
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| What type of scale remains true if map is enlarged or reduced |
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| When we measure a position on Earth what type of coordinates are used? |
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| The angle between the equatorial plane and a line from the local position to the intersection of the axis of rotation with the equatorial plane. Determination based on a spherical earth is also termed Authalic latitude |
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| The angle between the plane of the geodetic equator and the local direction of the geodetic vertical. Geodetic Latitude and Geographic Latitude are practically the same |
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| Obtained by surface observation of angular altitude of the visible pole. Due to flattening of the geoellipsoid, local plumb variates from geocentric in relation to distance from the equator and poles, and length of a geofractional meridional line will vary in length by latitude, increasing towards the pole. At any particular latitude, the geographic and geodetic latitude values are greater than the equivalent geocentric latitude. Geographic latitude is also termed Astronimical Latitude |
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| What coordinate system does GIS work in? |
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| Rectangular coordinate systems (X,Y) |
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| In ArcGIS rectangular coordinate system is known as: |
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| Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) |
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| What is degrees, minute, second converted to for computers |
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| degree+(minute+[second/60])/60 |
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| 4 coordinates areas of the world |
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Problem Identification
Preliminary Ideas
Design Refinement
Analyze
Implementation |
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| Elements found on most thematic maps (9) |
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Title
Legend
Scale
Credits
Mapped Areas
Graticule
Border (neatline)
Symbols
Place Names |
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| What are the two factors that affect visual balance |
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| The mapping of values by place, or more precisely...mapping values by enumeration unites |
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| What is an enumeration unit? |
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| Statistical or political units by which the data is gathered |
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| When to use Choropleth Map |
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When data occurs in well defined enumeration units
If data can be expressed as ratios or proportions
Should NOT be used if exact or precise data values within enumeration units must be shown |
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| What kind of data should a Choropleth map use? |
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| Generally should not be used as different sized enumeration units distort the data presentation |
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Different Patterns
Different Textures
Different Orientation |
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| What in the boundary between a tone and a pattern? |
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Mapping of discrete geographical phenomena
Technique has been used for more than a hundred years
While any symbol can be used, the dot has become the most commonly used symbol and hence the term dot map |
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Map interpretation may be difficult
Method is time-consuming
Frequently map design prevents the recovery of the original data |
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| The larger a circle is for a proportional map the: |
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| Greater the under estimationn |
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| Means that every different values on the map is represented by a different sized circle |
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| Means that the data is divided into classes and each class is represented by one size circle |
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A planimetric graphic representation of a three-dimensional volume
Can be "fishnet", shaded relief, isolines, or raised statistical area |
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A system of quantitative line symbols that attempt to portray the undulating surface of a three-dimensional volume
Each line represents a single value, ie, all points on that line have the same value |
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Flow maps show the linear movement between places
Flow maps are sometimes referred to as dynamic maps
They can be qualitative or quantitative
In most instances the cartographer attempts to depict the actual route taken, but this must be balances with the need for generalization in maps |
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| Lines are scaled so that they are proportional to the amounts they represent |
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| All information should be kept simple, including flow line scaling |
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| When using interposition: |
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| The smaller lines go on top of the larger ones |
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| Non-contiguous cartograms |
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Preserves the shape of each enumeration unit
Empty space between the enumeration units
Enumeration units will not fit together to maintain the contiguous character of the map |
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| What is correlation to the data and area of the enumerations units |
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| Requirements for selecting a cartogram |
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The reader must be familiar with the overall shape of the study area
Must also be familiar with the shape of the individual enumeration units that comprise the study areas |
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| First description of the Earth as a Sphere |
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| Appears in Plato's Phaedo |
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| First person to say Earth revolved around the sun |
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Aristarchus
-Greek astronamer |
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| Who first said Earth was not a perfect sphere |
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Issac Newton and Huygen said it was an oblate spheroid based on gravity
Picard and Cassini said it was prolate |
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| Who first calculated Earth's circumference |
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Earth-Shaped
Earth's mean-sea-level surface
For land he geoid would be the height to which water would rise in a transcontinental canal |
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Equipotential Surface
-defined by the amount of work required to move a unit mass from one surface to another these perpendicular distance between the surfaces varies over the earth |
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| What model do we use in GIS? |
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| Some elements of a geodetic datum |
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semi-major axis of the ellipsoid
semi-minor axis of the ellipsoid
latitude of the initial point
longitude of the initial point
azimuth from the initial point to another point
assumes ellipsoid and geoid are coincident at initial point and earth's spin is parallel to ellipsoids minor axis |
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Meade's Ranch, Kansas
Clarke Spheroid of 1866 |
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| A reference point or surface against which position measurements are made, and an associated model of the shape of the earth for computing positions |
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| A mathematical model of the earth upon which geodetic computations are based |
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| Global datums have to take into account |
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| earth's gravitational attraction and centrifugal acceleration |
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Geoid
Reference Ellipsoid
Perfect Sphere
Map Projection |
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| Four General Classes of Maps |
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Equal Area
Conformal
Equidistant
Azimuthal |
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Shape is preserved
Lines of longitude and latitude cross at right-angles |
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| Three families of projections |
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Azimuthal=plane
Cylindrical=cylinder
Conic=cone |
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Distances along designated great circles are true or
distances from one point to all others is true |
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| True direction is shown from one central point to all other points |
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