Term
| The _____ is the site of entry/exit of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, lymphatic vessels & nodes, and autonomic nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of incoming blood do the hepatic artery and portal vein carry? |
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Definition
Hepatic a. 25%
Portal v. 75% |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin connective tissue capsule covering liver surface. |
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Term
| The liver develops as a ______ of the primitive gut endoderm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The floor of the future duodenum gives rise to a saculation named the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cranial part of the hepatic diverticulum becomes the |
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Definition
| liver parenchyma and bile ducts. |
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Term
| The caudal part of the hepatic diverticulum becomes the |
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Definition
| gall bladder and cystic duct. |
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Term
Liver lobule: the basic functional unit of the liver.
What are its major components? |
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Definition
Portal Triad
Central Vein
Hepatic Plates
Sinusoids |
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Term
| Zones of hepatocyte function within hepatocyte acinus. |
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Definition
Zone 1: max oxygen & nutrients
Zone 2: intermediate
Zone 3: least oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
| ____ and ____ mix in the sinusoids as they flow towards the central vein. |
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Definition
| arterial and portal blood |
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Term
| The liver is a highly perfused organ, receiving about _____ of the total cardiac output. |
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Definition
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Term
| The portal vein divides into _____ that enter the hepatic sinusoids. |
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Definition
| left and right hepatic branches |
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Term
| The three major hepatic veins (right, middle and left) each have a short extrahepatic segment before joining the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphatic drainage from the liver is different from other sites in that it is rich in |
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Definition
| plasma proteins (eg albumin) |
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Term
| Subsinusoidal space of _____ bathes hepatocytes with sinusoidal plasma and initiates lymph formation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| macrophages that hang out within sinusoids. |
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Term
| Lipocytes (ito or stellate cell) store |
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Definition
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Term
| How to recognize Portal Triad on a slide. |
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Definition
Hepatic arteriole: thicker muscular lining, RBCs
Portal venule: very large lumen
Bile ductule: cuboidal cell lining
Lymphatic vessel: next to arteriole, smaller, thinner walls, no RBC |
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Term
| Sinusoids have lots of holes, or _____, allowing blood to interact with the hepatocytes. |
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Definition
fenestrations
(open into the Space of Disse) |
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Term
| The _____ are found lining the tops of hepatocytes, leading to the bile duct at the portal triad. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the acinus model, zone _ sees toxins first. |
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Definition
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Term
| When you have pathology, different zones react _____. |
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Definition
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Term
The _____ is the space between hepatocytes and endothelial cells.
It is lined with _____ to facilitate exchange. |
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Definition
Space of Disse
microvilli |
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Term
| Hepatocytes are held together by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10% of bile acids are synthesized de novo in the liver by conjugatin of _____ with _____ in the smooth ER. |
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Definition
| cholic acid with glycine/taurine |
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Term
| The cystic duct allows what kind of flow? |
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Definition
bidirectional flow into and out of the gallbladder
it connects with the common hepatic duct |
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Term
| 4 functions of hepatocyte |
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Definition
Protein synthesis
Metabolism (lipids/carbs/conjugatesBilirubin/convertsAmmonia->urea)
Bile secretion
Detoxification (e.g. cytochrome P450) |
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Term
Hepatocytes:
Large parenchymal cells
Size: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plasma proteins such as albumin, clotting factors, lipoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| bilirubin conjugation, bile salt synthesis, detoxification |
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Term
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Definition
| packages proteins for release into space of Disse |
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Term
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Definition
| contain oxidases and catalases |
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Term
| What is the liver's regeneration capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much hepatic tissue must be lost to exhibit liver failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hepatocytes can _____ after acute liver injurty to repair liver damage. |
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Definition
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Term
This condition usually results from repeated toxic insults to the liver (alcoholism, viral hepatitis).
Characterized by hepatocellular necrosis, hepatocellular regeneration (nodularity), and fibrosis (lipocyte activation).
Clinical consequences include liver failure, portal hypertension, cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| This common condition is due to an underdevelopment of the hepatocyte's smooth ER. As a result, the hepatocytes cannot conjugate bilirubin which then builds up in the body causing a yellow color. |
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Definition
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Term
One of the most common neoplasms word-wide (often associated with viral hepatitis).
Because of its extensive blood supply, the liver is also a common site for metastatic cancer (found in 30-50% of patients dying from malignant disease). |
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Definition
Liver Cancer
Primary liver cancer is aka hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Term
| Of the cells lining the sinusoids, Kupffer cells are _____ and Ito cells are _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The initial ductules that receive bile from the canaliculi are sometimes called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The common bile duct is created by the joining of the |
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Definition
| Common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. |
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Term
| _____ causes the gall bladder to contract. |
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Definition
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Term
| The gall bladder has an irregular _____ lining. |
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Definition
| mucosa (which is lamina propria + epithelium) |
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Term
| The lining of the gall bladder is _____ columnar. |
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Definition
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Term
| The gall bladder has some microvilli on the surface (not enough to be considered a microvillous brush border), which helps it... |
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Definition
| concentrate bile up to 6x by reabsorbing water |
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Term
| The common bile duct merges with the pancreatic duct to form the _____. |
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Definition
Ampulla of Vater
(it also marks the transition from foregut to midgut) |
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Term
| The exocrine function of the kidney is to produce _____. What are 'blank's' functions? |
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Definition
Bile
Digestion and Waste Excretion |
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Term
Gall bladder max volume is _____.
The liver continuously produces bile at a rate of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the intrahepatic biliary tract. |
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Definition
| Bile canaliculi -> canals of Hering (penetrate the limiting plate) -> bile ductules -> larger bile ducts in the Portal Triads (lined by simple cuboidal epithelium) |
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Term
| The extrahepatic biliary tract is lined by _____ epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
| The gall bladder is located on the visceral surface of the liver and is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ keeps lumen of cystic duct open to allow bidirectional flow. |
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Definition
| Spiral fold (spiral valve) |
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Term
| The gall bladder's simple columnar epithelium lacks _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gall bladder muscularis externae is |
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Definition
| a thin layer of smooth muscle in wall |
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Term
| How does CCK control bile excretion? |
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Definition
(i) hormone secreted by I cells in duodenum
(ii) stimulated by presence of ingested fats & amino acids
(iii) causes gall bladder smooth muscle to contract
(iv) causes sphincter of Oddi to relax |
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