Term
|
Definition
| a response to peripheral signals of energy levels |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamic feeding center |
|
Definition
| consolidates hunger signals and regulates outflow and response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is cultural: apetite or hunger? |
|
|
Term
| brainstem and hypothalmus |
|
Definition
| satiety signals act on what parts of the brain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are some of the possible peripheral signals for satiety? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense of being fed or gratified to capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone synthesized and released by fat cells that inhibits apetite, the more fat cells you have, the more of this you have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| critical signaling factors to the brain (hypothalmus) to stimulate food intake (or not) and increase metabolic rate (or not) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
both voluntary and sterotypic
stimulates salivary secretion
has a net nutritional function |
|
|
Term
beta-carotene
the point is that you get more nutrients by chewing your food |
|
Definition
particle size reduction leading to cell wall rupture is more important for the _____ bioaccessibility of raw compared to thermally processed carrots
(straight off the slide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the major causes of malnutrition in the elderly |
|
|
Term
| membrane spanning, g-protein coupled receptors |
|
Definition
| what kind of receptors are taste receptors? |
|
|
Term
| salt, sweet, bitter, umami (what happened to sour?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| swallowing (like chewing it is both involuntary and stereotypic) |
|
Definition
| ______ is a complex process involving multiple neural inputs, inhibition of respiration, closure of glottis, relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter, and receptive relaxation of the stomach |
|
|
Term
1) close soft palate of nasopharynx
2) close glottis with muscles |
|
Definition
| what is closed off in the process of swallowing |
|
|
Term
| yes, because the glottis contracts well enough to allow swallowing |
|
Definition
| can you survive if the EPIglottis is removed? |
|
|
Term
1)transport of solids and liquids
2) prevention of air intake
3) prevention of reflux (stomach to esophagus) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 functions of the esophagus? |
|
|
Term
| the lower esophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| what prevents stomach contents from being sucked into the esophagus, since the esophagus has negative pressure inside the thoracic cavity? |
|
|
Term
| upper 1/3 (striated muscle) |
|
Definition
| what part of the esophagus is affected by myasthenia gravis? polymoysitis? |
|
|
Term
| lower 1/3 (smooth muscle) |
|
Definition
| what part of the esophagus is affected by scleroderma? achalasia? |
|
|
Term
| neuronal mechanisms (no hormones etc) just excitatory or inhibitory signals |
|
Definition
| what controls esophageal peristalsis? |
|
|
Term
| no, different CNS centers control the two regions |
|
Definition
| Is the upper striated part of the esophagus controlled by the same brain centers as the lower smooth muscle part? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what pare of the brain controls the esophageal motor functions? |
|
|
Term
stimulatory: acetyl CoA
inhibitory: NO/DIP |
|
Definition
| what is a stimulatory neurotransmitter to esophageal smooth muscle contractions? what is inhibitory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a few centimeters in length, smooth muscle adapted for tonic contraction. what is it? |
|
|
Term
| neither, both are closed BETWEEN swallows |
|
Definition
| which esophageal sphincter is open between swallowing? |
|
|
Term
upper relaxes during swallowing
lower relaxes as a peristaltic wave approaches |
|
Definition
| when does the upper esophageal sphincter relax? the lower? |
|
|
Term
| 2 upper(aka phayngeoesophageal) and lower(aka cardiac, or gastroesophageal) |
|
Definition
| how many esophageal sphincters are there? |
|
|
Term
| gastroesophageal Reflux disease |
|
Definition
| what does GERD stand for? |
|
|
Term
| pregnant women and elderly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1) temporary food storage
2) digestive motility
3) secretion of acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor
4) emptying
5) pyloric sphincter
6) pathophysiology |
|
Definition
| list the functions of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Center for Ulcer Research and Education |
|
Definition
| what does CURE stand for? |
|
|
Term
| cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
|
Definition
| list the functional divisions of the stomach from proximal to distal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which part of the stomach controls gastric acid secretion? |
|
|
Term
1) mucus to protect the stomach lining
2) bicarb |
|
Definition
| what do mucus neck cells secrete? |
|
|
Term
1) gastric acid (HCl)
2) intrinsic factor (Ca++ absorbtion) |
|
Definition
| what do parietal(oxyntic) cells secrete? |
|
|
Term
| histamine (stimulate acid) |
|
Definition
| what do enterochromaffin-like cells secrete? |
|
|
Term
1) pepsin(ogen)
2) gastric lipase |
|
Definition
| what do chief cells secrete? |
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin (inhibits acid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin (stimulates acid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
arrival of the esophageal peristaltic wave
this accommodates for an increased volume of food (allows the stomach to stretch) |
|
Definition
| what initiates gastric receptive relaxation? what does this do? |
|
|
Term
| BER (basic electrical rhythm) |
|
Definition
| what controls gastric peristalsis/trituration? |
|
|
Term
| 3 cycles/min so it takes 20 seconds to depolarize |
|
Definition
| what is the rate of the BER? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the name of the process for reducing the particle size of a substance by grinding, as by grinding of powders in a mortar with a pestle |
|
|
Term
| pyloric sphincter relaxes (so there is lower pressure in the intestines causing the stomach contents to move in) |
|
Definition
| emptying of the stomach does not occur until when? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what decreases pyloric sphincter pressure? |
|
|
Term
| in squirts, it causes CCK release which activates the pyloric sphincter and slows the emptying of the stomach |
|
Definition
| how is chyme released from the stomach? |
|
|
Term
1) helps break down proteins
2) protects against some pathogens
3) increases absorbtion of B12, iron, and calcium
4) it maintains the pH for other enzymes to function well
5) helps release nutrients from food |
|
Definition
| why does the stomach secrete acid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what state is iron best absorbed in? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what state is iron best absorbed in? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what concentration do cells secrete HCl at? |
|
|
Term
| gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine |
|
Definition
| what activates oxyntic cells? |
|
|
Term
| they have a structural trasnformation that increases apical surface area, where the proton pump is inserted |
|
Definition
| how do oxyntic cells change when they are ready to secrete? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what pumps H+ out of oxyntic cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does the stomach REQUIRE to produce acid? |
|
|
Term
CO2(diffusion?), Cl-(diffusion), H2O(osmosis), and K+ enter the cell from the extra cellular fluid
(K+ pumped in with Na+/K+ active transport)
inside the cell CO2 + H20 make HCO3 and H+
HCO3- is pumped into the extracellular fluid by using the Cl- ion going down its gradient
H+ is pumped out into the lumen with K+ flowing in from the lumen(this pump is present elsewhere in the body but only active in the stomach)
things that go into the lumen: H+(K+ pump), Na+(diffusion), Cl-(diffusion), H2O (diffusion) |
|
Definition
| describe transport of H+ out of an oxyntic cell? |
|
|
Term
| local(low pH) and vagal reflexes that release Ach |
|
Definition
| how are chief cells activated? |
|
|
Term
| the ER, cheif cells make a lot of proteins (pepsinogen & gastric lipase) |
|
Definition
| what organelle is particularly large in a chief cell? why? |
|
|
Term
1) cephalic -vagal (smell/taste/anticipate food, also parasympathetics excite pepsin and acid production)
2) gastric (local nervous secretory reflexes-when food hits the stomach, vagal reflexes, gastrin-histamine stimulation)
3) intestinal (nervous and hormonal mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| list the phases of GI activation, what stimulates each? |
|
|
Term
1) central activation(cephalic) of vagal efferents that release ACh
2) short and long reflexes cause release of ACh
3) protein digestion products cause release of gastrin
4) gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin (ECL) cells that release histamin |
|
Definition
| describe the 3 ways to stimulate gastric secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the secondary messengers (intracellular) of the oxyntic cell? |
|
|
Term
| esophageal peristalsis won't let the food/liquid go in reverse, even if you are upside down |
|
Definition
| why can you do a keg stand? |
|
|
Term
1) food -> distension of the stomach -> neural reflex -> Ach release -> parietal stimulation(HCl release)
2) food in stomach-> buffer the acid -> pH increase -> block of somatostatin secretion [somatostatin inhibits G cells, ECL cells, and parietal cells]
3) food in stomach -> presence of aa, and peptides -> G cell stimulation(gastrin release) -> ECL stimulation(histamine release) -> parietal cell stimulation(Hcl release)
in summary: food, distension, or acid affect gastric secretion |
|
Definition
| how are parietal cells stimulated (go into detail) |
|
|
Term
increased distension
increased osmolarity
increased acid
increased fats and peptides
all of these cause neural reflexes-> decreased Ach release-> decreased parietal cell stimulation
these also cause enterogastrone release (CCK, secretin) which inhibit histamine release by ECL cells (inhibiting parietal cells) |
|
Definition
| what does chyme in the duodenum cause? |
|
|
Term
| inhibitory: histamine release is inhibited, and neural input is inhibited |
|
Definition
| is the intestinal phase mostly excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
|
Term
1) mucus + 2)bicarb (note: bicarb sticks to the mucus, keeping it close to the cells, but mucus doesn't really do much)
2) tight intercellular junctions: prevent acid from slipping between cells |
|
Definition
| what 3 things prevent the stomach from digesting itself? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1) esophageal sphincters open
2) pyloric sphincter closes
3) abdominal muscles contract |
|
Definition
| list the vomiting sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what secretes intrinsic factor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does intrinsic factor bind? |
|
|
Term
adults: aid RBC development
kids: aids neuronal development |
|
Definition
| what does B12 do in adults? in kids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does B12 deficiency cause? |
|
|
Term
loss of parietal cells with gastritis (no intrinsic factor secretion)
GERD treated by a proton pump inhibitor prevents intrinsic factor secretion |
|
Definition
| why does gastritis cause B12 deficiency? why does GERD cause it? |
|
|
Term
| amylase does not break down cellulose, so the only way to break it down is chewing |
|
Definition
| why is chewing fibrous foods important? |
|
|
