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| Presented evidence of continental drift and was NOT widely accepted |
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| movement of continents with respect to one another |
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| earth was homogenous, eventually it differentiated into mantle, core, crust because the more dense material sank to the floor |
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| Lithosphere and asthenosphere |
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| in lithosphere, made up of basalt |
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| in lithosphere, composed of granite |
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| on top, rigid, skin of earth...Lithosphere floats on Asthenosphere like an iceberg on goo |
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| 4 ways we know about the earths structure |
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Definition
| composition of meteorites, density of earths materials, seismic waves, samples from earth interior |
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| like goo, not complete liquid, under the lithosphere |
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| driven by temperatures of bottom and top of the tank |
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| discovered through cold war when dragging sub magnets, liquid in core is convecting which is why the magnets exist |
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| everytime magnets crystalize, they record the polarity at that time...so tripe pattern is the rocks recording polarity |
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| drives continental drift...younger at site of spreading |
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| boundaries between plates are sites of major geologic activity, such as volcanism, earthquakes, and mountain building |
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| boundaries between plates are sites of major geologic activity, such as volcanism, earthquakes, and mountain building |
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| crashing, ripping, sliding |
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| an area that has different physical chemical and biological characteristics than adjacent area |
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| 3 ways we figure out Pangea |
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Definition
| fossils, sedimentary rocks, paleomagnetism |
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| dip of the magnetic field into the earth revels the latitude at which an igneous rock cooeld |
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Definition
| lycopads dominated the coal swamps of the late paleozoic |
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| Paleogeography: sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| deposits in sedimentary sequence, tells us that the climate was warm, tropical |
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| How do we reconstruct paleogeography? |
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Definition
| paleomagnetism, fossils, and sedimentary deposits |
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Definition
| responsible for creation of carbon, iron by nuclear fusion...stars are nuclear furnaces in which H and He are fused into heavier nuclei |
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Term
| Big Bang is responsible for |
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Definition
| H, He, Li, Be... happened in first 3 minutes... formation of protons and neutrons |
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| Big Bang stopped because... |
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Definition
| expansion and cooling, no elements heavier that lithium could be formed |
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Definition
-have chemical and isotopic signatures of the stars they came from
- high melting points
- show that our planet is made form debris of different supernovas
- formed in the atmosphere of giant stars of supernovas |
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Definition
- occurs in our stars, and sun
- process catalyzed by small amount of Li and Be and CNO cycle |
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| creation of carbon and oxygen |
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| occurs at end of a stars lifetime, the core collapses if a star is particularly massive |
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| where did the elements and big bang come from? |
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| tells galaxy's velocity, by recording light |
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| tells where all the "stuff" in the universe came from |
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| global foods caused by supernatural forces formed most of the rocks on the earth's surface |
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plants take up carbon 14 in their biomass and when they die is seals the jar and the carbon can be dated.
- dates day of DEATH, not birth |
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- loses protons and neutrons
-also loses other small decaying particles |
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| The isotope that is being decayed |
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Term
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Definition
| The product of the decaying, the waste product of the parent isotope, formed from the decay |
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| Atoms and Isotopes charges |
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Definition
Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, electrons are negative
- different protons = different element |
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| sun that gets to planet + how reflecty the planet is + how much the planet absorbs |
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| core was mainly liquid from accretion and then over time differentiation separated the core, mantle, and crust.. heavier materials to bottom, core made of iron |
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| Why is the carbon cycle important? |
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Definition
| If all of the carbon was tuck in one spot then everything would die, and CO2 in the atmosphere is necessary for greenhouse effect, and for temp to be maintained. |
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| oceanic/oceanic (ridging) , oceanic/continental (subduction), continental/continental (mountain uplift) |
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| greenhouse as it affects the planets |
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Definition
| smaller planets cool faster and also have less gravity due to smaller size and thus their atmospheres are weak and there is little greenhouse effect |
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| would carbon-14 dating be appropriate to date a lock of hair from the mayan ruins? |
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Definition
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| All isotopes (are/aren't) radioactive |
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Definition
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| Isotopes are atoms that differ in their number of |
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Definition
| Neutrons (they are neutral so they change and determine isotopic states) |
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| greenhouses (do/don't) absorb infrared radiation form the earth |
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Definition
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| Isotopes are atoms that differ in their number of |
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Definition
| Neutrons (they are neutral so they change and determine isotopic states) |
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Definition
My Very Simple Method Just Simply Uses Nine Plants
my very simple method just simply use nine planets
my very simple method just simply uses nine planets |
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Definition
| a surface between rock layers, due to erosion, important in correlation |
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| colliding and sticking together |
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| colliding and sticking together |
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| collapsing and heating up and will one day be a star |
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| planetesimals from small bodies including ice and dust |
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| dense cloud of cosmic dust |
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| interstellar gas cloud -> gravitational collapse -> solar nebula |
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| Correlation gives relative |
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Definition
| ages to rock layers observed in different locations |
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| 3 types of geology information |
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Definition
lithostratigraphy- rock type
biostratigraphy- fossils
chemostratigraphy- rock chemistry |
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| Principle of uniformitarianism |
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Definition
| the present is key to the past |
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| Principle of original Horizontality |
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Definition
| all strata are more or less horizontal when they are deposited |
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| Principle of original lateral continuity |
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Definition
| strata originally have continuous tubular shapes, eventually thinning to zero against the edge of the basin in which they form |
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| Principle of superposition |
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Definition
| in undisturbed rocks, the oldest are on the bottom |
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| principle of intrusive relationship |
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Definition
| the rock that intrudes is younger then the rock that it intrudes |
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| Principle of cross-cutting relationships |
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Definition
| faults are younger than the structure that they transect |
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Definition
| deformed and altered by changes in temperatures, pressure, and chemistry |
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Definition
hardened, lithified rocks
rocks that landed in a basin and cemented together
lithified (cemented) sediments |
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Definition
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| two kinds of chemical bonds |
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Definition
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| The rock cycle includes 3 types of rocks |
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Definition
| igneous, sedimentary, and metaphoric |
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| cooled lava flow, rocks which have cooled form a melt |
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