Term
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Definition
| weathering, erosion in regions of carbonate rocks & evaporites |
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Term
| karst - climates where they develop |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-permeability & porosity
-secondary porosity along fractures, joints, faults, etc
-bedding thickness (massive,is better, insoluble materials concentrate along bedding planes & restrict water flow)
-available relief (height above baselevel should permit circulation of water)
-warm, wet (chem rxns occur faster at higher temps, lush veg & microbe activity = tropical soil water with high partial pressure of CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| pore spaces occupied by air & H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| all pore spaces occupied by H2O, held in tension, H2O wont drain freely |
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Term
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Definition
| H20 drains freely b/c hydrostatic P exceeds atm P |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
aquifers
-unconfined
-confined |
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Definition
lithologic bodies that store & transmit H2O
-open to atm & hydrostatic level, upper boundary is water table
-has a confining layer (aquitard) between it and the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| confined aquifer, groundwater under positive P |
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Term
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Definition
| cavities limited in size & #, caves rare, well-defined water table present |
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Term
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Definition
| water moves through integrated conduits under influence of g, flow can transport sediment discharge through springs |
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Term
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Definition
| water moves in response to pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| from flow in diffuse aquifers, fed by seepage |
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Term
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Definition
| fed by groundwater moving through distinct conduits |
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Term
| closed depressions, dolines/sinks/sinkholes |
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Definition
| closed hollow of small/moderate size. wider (10-100m) than deep (2-100m). circular/elliptical, usually in groups |
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Term
| closed depressions, solutional |
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Definition
| water infiltrating into joints & fissures enlarges cracks by solution, funct of slope (low is best), vegetation & soil cover (more increases solution) |
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Term
| closed depressions, collapse |
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Definition
| depressions initiated by solution occurring beneath the surface |
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Term
| closed depressions, uvalas & poljes |
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Definition
| larger than dolines, as dolines enlarge they coalesce into hallows with undulating floors |
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Term
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Definition
| originating in impermeable rocks adjacent to karst area |
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Term
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Definition
| valley terminates at a cliff face due to a sink |
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Term
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Definition
| begin where groundwater resurges as springs |
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Term
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Definition
| don't have well defined water courses, or carry only ephemeral flow when flooding |
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Term
| karren (minor solution features) |
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Definition
| groves, pits, flutes, pinnacles, ect. of cm to a few m in size |
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Term
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Definition
| depressions around cones, tropical climate |
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Term
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Definition
| type of karren that develop into sponge-like pinnacles under biochemical aciton of blue-green algea, tropical |
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Term
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Definition
| natural underground cavities that include entrances, passages & rooms |
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Term
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Definition
1. above water table, corrosive action of vadose water
2. beneath water table, deep circulation of phreatic water
3. at water table, in shallow phreatic zone |
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Term
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Definition
| grinding, most effective for soft rocks blasted by hard sand, <= 2 m |
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Term
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Definition
| faceted stones, perpendicular to the prevailing wind |
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Term
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Definition
| elongate ridges 10-30 m high, parallel to prevailing wind on outcrop |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel furrows in bedrock at various scales |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of sand, erosional |
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Term
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Definition
| deflated basins up to 100's of km2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
.01-100 cm high
up to 20 m apart
funct of wind v, particle size, type of ripple |
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Term
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Definition
3-100 m high
occur in groups, regular spacing
conditions favor sand deposition (ex: topographic irrecularity)
balance between volumes of erosion & deposition
maintained through adjustment of backslope & slipface
angles controlled by particle size & velocity gradients
advance in tractor tread fashion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular to prevailing wind, abundant sand, constant wind |
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Term
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Definition
| limited sand, constant wind, arms in direction of wind |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular to wind, arms fixed by vegetation, arms opposite direction of wind |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel to wind, spacing controlled by large-scale wind vortices |
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Term
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Definition
| A sharp-crested longitudinal sand dune common to the Sahara and ranging up to 300 m (984 ft) in height and 300 km (186 mi) in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed by vegetation clumps |
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Term
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Definition
| alternating wind directions |
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Term
| dunes, cliff, climbing, lee |
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Definition
| name WRT position, with other features |
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Term
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Definition
| near coastal lagoons or evaporating salt flats, clay aggregates into pellets, moves into dunes, stabilizes due to rain & salt solution, slopes <= 15 degrees, steepest on windward side <=15 m high |
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Term
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Definition
| homogeneous, unstratified silt, up to 100 m thick, highly porous, keeps vertical slopes, originates in deserts or glacial outwash, decreases thickness w/ increasing distance from source |
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Term
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Definition
| cold, dry climate, internal deformation of ice, facilitated by continuous deformation, ice begins to deform as soon as it is subjected to stress, allows ice to flow under its own weight |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of liquid water along base & sides,temperate glaciers |
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Term
glacial, two components of slide
-regelation slip
-enhanced creep |
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Definition
-melting & refreezing of ice due to fluctuating pressure conditions
-local increase in stress and flow rate around larger obstacles |
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Term
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Definition
| movement may have characteristics similar to kinematic wave, does not require external stimuli such as mass addition (bulge travels from top, down the glacier - large movement in short amount of time at toe) |
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Term
| types of glaciers, morphological |
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Definition
| based on glacier size & environment of growth |
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Term
| types of glaciers, dynamic |
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Definition
| based on observed activites of glaciers |
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Term
| types of glaciers, thermal |
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Definition
| based on temperature of ice |
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Term
| morphological glaciers, cirque |
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Definition
| bowl-shaped, close to drainage divide, deep, erosional, semicircular depression at the head of a mountain valley |
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Term
| morphological glaciers, valley |
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Definition
| flows past the cirque, down a valley |
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Term
| morphological glaciers, piedmont |
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Definition
| lie beyond the mountain front |
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Term
| morphological glaciers, ice sheets |
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Definition
| override existing topography |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous movement of ice from accumulation zones to ridges |
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Term
| dynamic glaciers, passive |
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Definition
| not enough new snow, low slopes, very low velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| no internal transfer of ice from accumulation zone |
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Term
| thermal glaciers, temperate |
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Definition
| ice throughout mass is at pressure-melting point, abundant melt water, high velocity, erosion active |
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Term
| thermal glaciers, polar or cold |
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Definition
| absence of meltwater - ice at base is frozen to underlying rock, slippage cant occur, movement is internal, low erosive action |
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Term
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Definition
| mass balance, budgeting of gains & losses of mass on glacier during specific time interval |
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Term
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Definition
| high accumulation & ablation rates, move rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| low accumulation & ablation rates, passive |
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Term
| stratification (ice structures, primary) |
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Definition
| layers/bands within ice due to annual cycle of snow accumulation & ablation - debris & textural differences separate bands |
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Term
| foliation (ice structures, secondary) |
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Definition
| layering produced by shear during ice motion, alternating clear blue & white bubble-rich ice |
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Term
| crevasses (ice structures, secondary) |
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Definition
| cracks in ice surface, reflect tensional stress, usually perpendicular to direction of max elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| near centerline where spreading exerts component of lateral extension |
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Term
| chevron/en echelon crevasses |
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Definition
| near ice margins where shear stress is parallel to valley walls & crevasses form diagonal to valley sides |
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Term
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Definition
| where ice extends in longitudinal direction (ex: ice falls) |
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Term
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Definition
| at the base, ice crevasses are closed by compression & a band of dirt-stained ice forms in summer. in winter the ice descending the fall reconstitutes into clear, bubbly ice, the annual down-valley flow produces a series of alternating white & dark bands |
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Term
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Definition
| scraping from debris carried by ice, dependant on relative hardness of debris & bedrock, amount of debris, velocity of flow (approx .06-5mm/yr) |
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Term
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Definition
quarrying: eroding bedrock
plucking: carrying sediment
ice exerts shear F on rock loosened by fractures & meltwater freezes to rock as glacier thickens |
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Term
| abrasion features, striations |
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Definition
| mm deep, continuous only for a short distance |
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Term
| abrasion features, grooves |
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Definition
| 1-2 m deep, 50-100 m long, formed by boulders carried along with glacier |
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Term
| abrasion features, crescentic marks |
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Definition
| chipping of underlying rock |
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Term
| plucking features, roche moutonnee |
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Definition
| abrasion upstream & pluckig downstream, promoted by irregular spacing of bedrock features |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion by cirque glaciers - move by rotational sliding as ice slides & rotates |
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Term
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Definition
| tall residual peaks that stick above the ice when cirque glaciers merge to form an ice cap |
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Term
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Definition
| glacial trough partially submerged by ocean, development occurred when ice was physically beneath ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| all deposits associated with glaciation, covers 8% of earths surface above sealevel, 25% of North America |
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Term
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Definition
| nonstratified, transported & deposited by ice, unsorted, many lithologies, angular |
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Term
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Definition
| nonstratified, deposited in subglacial environment, under pressure of overlying ice |
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Term
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Definition
| nonstratified, debris concentrated at/near the surface & dropped as the ice melts |
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Term
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Definition
| type of till & mode of emplacement are determined from texture of deposit/arrangement of particles, orientation of clasts through motion (lodgement till) |
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Term
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Definition
| stratified drift, sediment transported by moving water before final deposition, sorted, rounded |
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Term
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Definition
| stratified drift, sediment deposited beyond terminal margin of the ice in proglacial environment - well sorted, rounded sands/gravels from bedload of stream channels |
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Term
| proglacial, sandur (plural sandar) |
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Definition
large plain of outwash, similar to alluvial fans
large sediment supply and high floods
jokulhlaup - glacial outburst flood, sudden release of lake water dammed within ice, lifts up ice, when flow lowers, ice slams back down stopping flow |
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Term
| proglacial, valley sandur |
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Definition
| created by 1 main river & and branches |
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Term
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Definition
| sandar are composed of sand & gravel (fined deflated) |
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Term
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Definition
proximal
intermediate
distal |
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Term
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Definition
close to ice, rivers entrenched, pitted surface
-kettled sandar |
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Term
| zone of sandar, intermediate |
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Definition
| channels wide, shallow, braided & rapidly laterally shifting |
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Term
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Definition
| channels so shallow that rivers manage to merge into a single sheet of water at high flow |
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