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| a model describing the relationship between the hydrologic cycle, the tectonic cycle, and the rock cycle. |
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| earth substance with a consistent chemical composition |
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| A naturally formed mixture of one or more minerals |
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| Igneous rock - Sedimentary Rocks - Metamorphic Rocks |
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| upwelling, Sea-floor spreading, Subduction |
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| molten (melted) rock. rock formed when magma cools and solidifies |
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| rapidly cooled lavas and other materials with relatively small crystals that were erupted onto the earths surface |
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| slowly cooled with large crystals that solidified deep underground (in plutons) Plutonic |
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| looks like cake batter but is simply cooled lava |
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| is a type of intrusive igneous rock when magma cooled slowly in the subterranean context. Branded Schizt |
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| exposed mass of exfoliating granite |
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| intrusive igneous rocks cooled from magma at a slower rate than extrusive igneous rocks, intrusive igneous rocks (e.g., granite and gabber) have a more durable crystalline structure and are more resistant to weathering than extrusive igneous rocks (e.g. basalt and rhyolite) |
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continental zone of the lithosphere
silicate mineral group including quartz and feldspars that have a relatively low density and are characteristic of the upper continental zone of the Lithosphere |
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Sea floor zone
Silicate mineral group of higher density characteristic of the lower continental zone and seabed lavas of the lithosphere and of the asthenosphere |
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| earths rigid crustal layer which includes the continents. fractured into many plates of varying size |
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| The "plastic layer" capable of slow flow under lithosphere |
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| earth material that has been deposited by a fluid agent (most typically flowing water). |
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| rock formed by accumulated sediments that have been solidified by "lithification" (some combination of cementation and compression). |
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| Sedimentary Rock Process/Formation |
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| Weathering, Transportation, Deposition |
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rock made from cemented particles (clasts) Example
Clay - Shale |
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| Chemical Sedimentary Rock |
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| Rock made from precipitated materials Example Limestone = Calcium Carbonate |
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| Rock that has been altered by heat and or pressure |
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| Metamorphic Rock most likely form at |
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| current model explaining those land-forming processes powered by radioactive decay within the Earth (tectonic processes) |
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| theories which proposed that the earths surface features werer created in only a few thousand years by a series of catastrophic events (generally relating to divine intervention). |
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| the principle that physical processes active in the environment today are operating at the same place and intensity that has characterized them throughout geologic time; |
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| Alfred wagerer proposed that the earths continents had formerly been united as a single landmass and had since broken apart. wagerer cited evidence of matching coastlines, rock formations, fossil deposits, and glacial deposits. |
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| Earthquake Waves through Earth |
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| The internal structure of the earth has been revealed principally by this |
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the uplift and subsidence of portions of the lithosphere as result of shifting weight and pressure (based on the principles of buoyancy and equilibrium).
ex. like a waterbed |
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| a set of movements generated by inequalities in temperature and density. |
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| an isolated convection cell in the asthenosphere over which magma is brought to the surface. |
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| The island of Hawaii is an example of |
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| gently erupting shield volcanoes over a hot spot in the asthenosphere |
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| relatively gently erupting, dome shaped volcano built up by successive lava flows (associated with hot spots and spreading centers). Not explosive |
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| area where lithospheric plates are diverging (moving apart) because of underlying convection currents in the Asthenosphere. |
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| linear range of fault-block mountains and volcanoes on the ocean floor along a spreading center. |
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| where two lithospheric plates, or portions of a fractures plate, slide laterally past one another (ex the san andreas fault system |
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| area where a crustal plate descends into the Earth's interior, breaks apart, and melts. |
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| a deep scar (trench) on the ocean floor along a subduction zone. |
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| violently explosive volcano composed of layered ash and lava(associated with subduction zones). |
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| stream of super-heated volcanic gas and rock fragments that moves rapidly downhill |
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| breaking down of earth material to particulate matter making it subject to movement |
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| layer of loose material on the Earth's surface; derived from weathered bedrock. |
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| Physical (Mechanical) Weathering |
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| the break down of rock by the physical separation of pieces. |
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| disintegration of rock by the chemical alteration of constituent minerals. |
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| Rate of Weathering Factors |
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| the nature of the material being weathered, climate |
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| separation of rock by water as it freezes in confined spaces |
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| Rate of Weathering Factors |
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| the nature of the material being weathered, climate |
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| separation of rock by water as it freezes in confined spaces |
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| separation of rock by plants (principally roots) as they grow into cracks |
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| physical weathering of rock by saturation and swelling with water. |
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| physical weathering produced by secondary crystal growth (e.g. salt) within a rock structure. salt on sidewalks |
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mechanical weathering due to friction with moving material. Abrasion is accomplished as sediment is dragged across rock by moving water, ice, or wind.
like glaciers |
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| Pressure-Release Jointing Exfoliation |
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| the breaking off and "sheeting" of rock layers from exposed plutons as containing pressure is released. |
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| a pluton undergoing active exfoliation |
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| Forms of Chemical Weathering |
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| Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Carbonation |
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| Most types of Chemical weathering are accelerated by this |
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| Warm, Wet climatic conditions |
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| weathering of rock by combination with either positive or negative ions in water. |
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weathering of rock by combination of oxygen
(think rust) |
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| highly weathered residual mineral compounds of iron or aluminum oxide (resistant to further chemical weathering). |
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| layer of deeply weathered rock characteristic of warm, humid areas. |
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| Chemical dissolution of carbonate rock (E.g) limestone, chalk). |
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| terrain produced by the chemical dissolution of limestone (carbonation) |
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| interconnected subterranean cavities formed by carbonation. |
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| surface depression or cavity formed in dissolving limestone |
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| stream which leaves the surface to flow underground in a limestone bedrock layer. |
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| limestone plateu eroded into conical hills and valleys. |
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| pinnacle-like remnants of an eroding limestone surface produced by accelerated carbonation in the humid tropics. |
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| an extreme form of pinnacle karst with towering karst pinnacles. |
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| Dynamic Equilibrium Model in Geomorphology |
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| the tectonic uplift of landmass is in balance with erosion (through time). |
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| the removal or loos earth materials by gravity, water, wind, or moving ice |
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| rapid downhill movement of a large mass of "Dry" regolith or bedrock |
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| Rapid Downhill Movement of water-saturated volcanic ash on a steep hill |
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| Steep, fluted cliff carved in volcanic rock by rapid tropical weathering and erosion ( chiefly mass movements). |
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| Mount St. Helens Composite Volcano |
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| Folded Sedimentary Rock Layers |
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| Eroding Hill, Earthflow, Overgrazing |
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| Chemically/Physically Weathered Granite |
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