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| Continental drift is the hypothesis that the sea floor forms at the crest of the mid-oceanic ridge, then moves horizontally away from the ridge crest. |
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| A tectonic plate is always made up of a combination of continental and oceanic crust. |
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| ________ is the idea that continents move freely over Earth's surface, changing their positions relative to one another. |
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| A ________ plate boundary is where plates are moving away from each other. |
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Definition
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| This type of plate boundary the two plates can consist of ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, or continent-continent crust |
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Definition
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| Harry Hess proposed that the ________. |
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| Wegener reassembled the continents to form the super continent ________. |
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| Sea-floor spreading implies that sea-floor rocks should be ________. |
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Definition
| Youngest on the crest of mid ocean ridges |
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| The average rate of sea-floor spreading is approximately |
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Definition
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| Marine geologists can predict the age of igneous rocks of the sea floor by measuring ________. |
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Definition
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| Marine geologists can predict the age of igneous rocks of the sea floor by measuring ________. |
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Definition
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| The Rift Valley in East Africa is an example of a ________. |
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Definition
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| The Himalayan Mountains are thought to have formed |
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Definition
| by continent continent convergence |
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| Plumes form ________ that are related to areas of active volcanism such as Iceland, Yellowstone and Hawaii. |
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Definition
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| A divergent boundary on the sea floor is associated with ________. |
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| The San Andreas Fault is ________ in California |
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Definition
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| ________ proposed an explanation for magnetic anomalies. |
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Definition
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Term
| The apparent movement of the magnetic poles through geologic time is called ________. |
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Definition
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| Evidence in support of continental drift includes ________. |
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Definition
| Fossil distribution on different continents, fit on continental margins, matching of geological patterns and rocks on continents |
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Term
| Pangea initially separated into two parts, the southern part is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The atomic mass number is equal to the number of neutrons in an atom. |
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Definition
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| Rocks are defined as naturally-formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substances. |
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Definition
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| The atomic mass number of an atom is the total number of ________ in the atom. |
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Definition
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| ________ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons. |
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Definition
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| The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are ________. |
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Definition
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| Two examples of framework silicates are ________ and ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A silica tetrahedron is composed of four atoms of the element ________ and one atom of ________. |
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Definition
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| The common mineral ________ is an example of an isolated silica tetrahedron structure. |
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Definition
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| The minerals ________ and _________ are characterized by chains of silica tetrahedra in their structure. |
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| The mineral ________ is a sheet silicate. |
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Definition
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| The most common minerals in the Earth's crust are the ________. |
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Definition
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| Which of the following minerals is not a ferromagnesian mineral. |
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Definition
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| What kind of rocks are formed from the direct cooling of magma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks that are changed by heat and/or pressure are called __________? |
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Definition
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| The three types of rock are ________________? |
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Definition
| igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary |
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Term
| Which of the following atomic bonds is the strongest? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Earth's system that includes the oceans, rivers, lakes, and glaciers of the world is called the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ and the Alpine Fault of New Zealand are examples of transform plate boundaries. |
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Definition
| San Andreas Fault of California |
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| A ______ is a huge ocean wave usually caused by a displacement of the sea floor and commonly associated with massive earthquakes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rock deep within the Earth is _____ and ______. A. hot; heat flows inward toward Earth's center. |
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Definition
| hot, heat flows out toward earth's surface |
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Term
| Earth's external heat engine is driven by _ |
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Definition
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| __ refer(s) to the scientific study of Earth. |
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Definition
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| The Earth's interior heat engine works because hot buoyant material deep within the Earth _______ while cold denser material _______. |
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Definition
| moves upward, moves downard |
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Term
| The _______ is the most voluminous of the Earth's three major concentric zones |
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Definition
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| Listed from Earth's center outward, the three concentric zones of Earth are the |
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Definition
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| A _____ is a scientific concept that has been tested and is in all likelihood true. |
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Definition
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| _______ are geological forces generated inside the Earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, and tsunamis are all examples of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ collectively make up the lithosphere. |
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Definition
| Crust and uppermost part of the mantle |
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Term
| The ____ is soft and therefore flows more readily than the underlying mantle. |
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Definition
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| A hypothesis that passes repeated tests ultimately becomes __. |
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Definition
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| After data have been analyzed, tentative explanations or solutions called _____ may be proposed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plate tectonics is a unifying idea that helps explain where and why there are ___ on Earth. |
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Definition
| Volcanoes, mountain belts, oceanic ridges, and trenches |
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Term
| Plate tectonics is a unifying idea that helps explain where and why there are ___ on Earth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth can be visualized as a giant machine driven by which of the following engines? |
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Definition
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| The concept of plate tectonics regards the earth's ___ as broken into a number of ___ that are in motion relative to each other. |
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Definition
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| A _____, by scientists definition, is something that has been overwhelmingly verified. |
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Definition
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| Plates are known to be moving away from each other __. |
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Definition
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| A _______ boundary occurs where plates move towards one another. |
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Definition
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| The _____ of old seafloor takes place at convergent boundaries. |
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Definition
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| The North American plate is moving ____. |
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Definition
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| Where a subducting plate slides beneath the lithosphere, melting takes place and a(n) ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Sedimentary rock that becomes deeply buried may be transformed by heat and pressure into _______ rock. |
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Definition
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| The product of the breakdown of surface rocks by weathering and erosion is _ |
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Definition
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| With the cementation of loose particles sediment becomes ______. |
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Definition
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| ______ takes place where moving water, ice, and wind loosen and remove material on the |
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Definition
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| A(n) ___ may eventually be formed as layers of sediment are buried by subsequent layers of sediment. |
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Definition
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| The best geologic data currently available indicates that Earth is approximately ___ years old. |
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Definition
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| Which of the following lifeforms appeared first in the geologic record? |
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Definition
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| Fossil evidence indicates that dinosaurs became extinct approximately ___ years ago. |
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