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Definition
| refers to solid-state changes to rocks in Earth's interior. Produced by increased heat, pressure, or the action of hot reactive fluid |
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| Pressure during metamorphism |
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Definition
| confining pressure applied equally in all directions, to depth within the Earth. High-pressure minerals more compact/ more dense |
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| Metamorphic Rock Characteristics |
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Definition
| depends on: parent rock composition, temperature and pressure |
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| resulting metamorphism rock will have similar composition to parent rock |
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| planar rock texture of aligned minerals produced by differential stress. Types:Slaty,Phyllitic,Gnesissic,Shistose |
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| Temperature during metamorphism |
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Definition
| heat comes from Earth's deep interior, usually the deeper the rock the hotter, if range exceeded, new minerals result |
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Definition
| a type of metamorphism, high temperature is dominant factor, produces non-foliated rocks, low pressure. Occurs adjacent to magma bodies intruding cooler country rock |
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Definition
| a type of metamorphism, high pressure is dominant factor, results in rocks with foliation |
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Definition
Marble-recrystallized limestone
Quartzite-recrystallized sandstone |
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| Foliated metamorphic rocks |
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Definition
Slate-splits along parallel plates
Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss |
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Definition
| the branch of geology that studies the interior of the Earth |
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| Seismic waves 3 main zones |
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Definition
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Definition
| or vibrations from a large earthquake will pass through the entire Earth |
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Definition
| the return of some waves to the surface after bouncing off a rock layer boundary |
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Definition
| bending of seismic waves as they pass from one material to another having different seismic wave velocities |
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Definition
| is the outer layer of rock that forms a thin skin on Earth's surface |
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Definition
| is a thick shell of dense rock that separates the crust above from the core below |
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Definition
| oceanic crust, composed primarily of basalt and gabbro |
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Definition
| continental crust, with an average composition similar to granite |
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Definition
| higher seismic wave velocity of mantle vs. crustal rocks indicative of denser, composition |
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Definition
| crust and upper mantle together, the brittle outer shell of the Earth that makes up the tectonic plates |
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Definition
| the core that does not receive seismic waves due to a large earthquake |
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Definition
| explained by refraction of waves encountering core-mantle boundary |
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Definition
| suggests outer core is a liquid |
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Definition
| equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle crust "floating" on upper mantle. Thicker blocks of lower density crust have deeper "roots" and float higher (mountains) |
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Definition
| rising or sinking of crustal blocks to achieve isostatic balance |
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Definition
| rise of crust after ice sheet removal |
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Definition
| meaning "dug up", remnants or traces of ancient living organisms |
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| most fossils found in sediment or |
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| fossil species succeed each other in a definite and recognizable order, |
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Definition
| wrote the Origin of Species, "natural selection", |
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Definition
| last members of a species die, 99.9% of living species have died |
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Definition
| fossils of blue-green algae; 3.5 billion yrs ago |
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| "father of geology" geologic features could be explained through present-day processes |
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Definition
| surfaces separating successive rock layers (beds) |
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Definition
| bodies of rock of considerable thickness with recognizable characteristics allowing them to be distinguished from adjacent rock layers |
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| the geologic specialty concerned with interpretation of geologic events based on relationship of rocks |
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Definition
| Original horizontality; superposition, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships |
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Definition
| beds of sediment deposited in water are initially formed as horizontal or nearly horizontal layers |
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Definition
| within an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary or volcanic rocks, layers get younger from bottom to top |
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Definition
| original horizontal layer extends laterally until it tapers or thins at its edges |
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| Cross-cutting relationships |
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Definition
| a disrupted pattern is older than the cause of the disruption |
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Definition
| are younger than he rocks they cut through |
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| contacts between intrusions and surrounding rocks, where surround rocks have experienced contact metamorphism |
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| fragments embedded in host rock are older than the host rock |
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| the order of events or objects, from first (oldest) to last (youngest) |
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Definition
| the age of events or objects, expressed as a number or numbers |
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| a surface (or contact) that represents a gap in the geologic record |
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Definition
| an unconformity in which the contact representing missing rock layers separates beds that are parallel to each other |
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Definition
| an unconformity in which the contact separates overlying younger layers from eroded tilted or folder layers |
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Definition
| an unconformity in which an erosional surface on plutonic or metamorphic rock has been covered by younger sedimentary or volcanic rock |
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| groups of different fossil species |
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| fossil common in sedimentary rock |
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| Standard geologic time scale |
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Definition
| worldwide relative time scale; subdivides geologic time based on fossil assemblages |
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Definition
| vast amount of time prior to the Palezoic era; few fossils preserved |
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| "old life" 545 m.y.a; 95% of existing species die out; appearance of complex life; many fossils |
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| "middle life" 250 m.y.ago; dinosaurs abundant on land; period ended by mass extinction; 75% of species die out |
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| "new life" 65 m.y.ago; mammals and birds abundant |
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Definition
| most recent ice ages occurred of the Quaternary Period |
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| the recent Epoch of the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era |
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| puts absolute values on the ages of rocks and geologic time periods |
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Definition
| same number of protons, different numer of neutrons |
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Definition
| spontaneous nuclear change of isotopes with unstable nuclei |
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Definition
| the rate of proportional decay for isotopes |
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