Term
| The amount of ground water is ________ that of all rivers and lakes combined. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the percentage of a rock or sediment that consists of void space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ refers to the ability of a rock to transmit fluids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most ________ and ________ are both porous and permeable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shale has high porosity but poor permeability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks with high porosity always have good permeability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ________ rock is one that does not allow water to flow through it easily. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following earth materials would make the best aquifer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ is the zone above the water table. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ________ is a place where water flows naturally from rocks onto the ground surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following earth materials would make the best aquitard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The zone in the earth where all the pore spaces are completely filled with water is called the _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground water dripping in caves releases __________ , causing calcite to precipitate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An area with many sinkholes and caves is said to have ________ topography. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of bedrock will most likely produce a karst area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are icicle-like pendants of calcite hanging from cave ceilings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsorted and unlayered rock debris carried or deposited by glaciers is called till. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The compacted mass of granular snow, transitional between snow and ice, is called firn. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper part of a glacier, the part with perennial snow and ice, is called the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The down-valley part of a glacier is the ________, where melting, evaporation, and calving take place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The boundary between the zone of accumulation and the zone of ablation is an irregular line called the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ -shaped valley (in cross section) is characteristic of glacial erosion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The grinding of rock against rock by a glacier produces a very fine sediment called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open fissures called ________ develop in the brittle surface ice of glaciers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sharp ridges called ________ separate adjacent glacially carved valleys. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large trunk glacier carves a deeper valley than smaller tributaries. After the glacier disappears the tributary valley remains as ________ high above the main valley. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a steep-sided half-bowl shaped recess carved at the head of a mountain glacial valley. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ moraines are elongate low mounds of till that form along the sides of valley glaciers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is the sharp peak that remains after cirques have cut back into a mountain on several sides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where tributary glaciers come together the adjacent lateral moraines join to form a ________ moraine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a lake occupying a bedrock depression excavated by a glacier. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Global sea level is higher during times of continental glaciation (ice age). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a coastal inlet that is formed by a drowned glacial carved valley. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ stress results in a stretching or extension of material. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ stress results in rocks being shortened or flattened. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a deformed material recovers its original shape after stress is reduced, the behavior is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rock that behaves in a(n) ________ manner will bend under stress and does not return to its original shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geologists sometimes find valuable ore deposits by studying the orientation of ________, fractures or cracks in a rock body along which no displacement has occurred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dip direction of Bed A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of ground water is ________ that of all rivers and lakes combined. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the percentage of a rock or sediment that consists of void space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ refers to the ability of a rock to transmit fluids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most ________ and ________ are both porous and permeable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shale has high porosity but poor permeability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks with high porosity always have good permeability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ________ rock is one that does not allow water to flow through it easily. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following earth materials would make the best aquifer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ is the zone above the water table. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ________ is a place where water flows naturally from rocks onto the ground surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following earth materials would make the best aquitard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The zone in the earth where all the pore spaces are completely filled with water is called the _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground water dripping in caves releases __________ , causing calcite to precipitate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An area with many sinkholes and caves is said to have ________ topography. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of bedrock will most likely produce a karst area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are icicle-like pendants of calcite hanging from cave ceilings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsorted and unlayered rock debris carried or deposited by glaciers is called till. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The compacted mass of granular snow, transitional between snow and ice, is called firn. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper part of a glacier, the part with perennial snow and ice, is called the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The down-valley part of a glacier is the ________, where melting, evaporation, and calving take place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The boundary between the zone of accumulation and the zone of ablation is an irregular line called the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ -shaped valley (in cross section) is characteristic of glacial erosion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The grinding of rock against rock by a glacier produces a very fine sediment called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open fissures called ________ develop in the brittle surface ice of glaciers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sharp ridges called ________ separate adjacent glacially carved valleys. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large trunk glacier carves a deeper valley than smaller tributaries. After the glacier disappears the tributary valley remains as ________ high above the main valley. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a steep-sided half-bowl shaped recess carved at the head of a mountain glacial valley. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ moraines are elongate low mounds of till that form along the sides of valley glaciers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is the sharp peak that remains after cirques have cut back into a mountain on several sides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where tributary glaciers come together the adjacent lateral moraines join to form a ________ moraine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a lake occupying a bedrock depression excavated by a glacier. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Global sea level is higher during times of continental glaciation (ice age). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a coastal inlet that is formed by a drowned glacial carved valley. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ stress results in a stretching or extension of material. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ stress results in rocks being shortened or flattened. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a deformed material recovers its original shape after stress is reduced, the behavior is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rock that behaves in a(n) ________ manner will bend under stress and does not return to its original shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geologists sometimes find valuable ore deposits by studying the orientation of ________, fractures or cracks in a rock body along which no displacement has occurred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dip direc[image]tion of Bed A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The side of the fault above the inclined fault surface is the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a ________ fault the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ trap is one of the best structures for holding oil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are fractures in bedrock along which sliding movement has taken place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cross section a structural basin looks like a ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a structure in which beds dip away from a common central point, and the oldest rocks are found in the center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal and reverse faults are the most common types of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a normal fault, the hanging-wall block has moved ________ relative to the footwall block. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a ________ fault, the hanging-wall block moves up relative to the footwall block. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fold is shown on the map? (bed 1 = oldest[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fold is shown on the map? (bed 1 = oldest)[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which block is the hanging wall?[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fault is shown?[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of fault is shown?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The San Andreas Fault system can be described as ________. |
|
Definition
| right lateral strike-slip |
|
|
Term
| Earthquakes occur most commonly in the plate boundaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The point within the earth where seismic waves first originate is the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P-waves are compressional waves in which the rock vibrates back and forth parallel to the direction of wave propagation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both P-waves and S-waves can pass through ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following seismic waves is the slowest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ________ is the first wave to arrive at a recording station following an earthquake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior, spreading out from the focus in all directions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are earthquake waves that cause the most property damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The time interval between the first arrival of P-waves and the first arrival of S-waves ________ with distance from the focus of an earthquake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ stations are the minimum needed to determine the location of an earthquake epicenter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Modified Mercalli Scale determines earthquake intensity, a measure of an earthquake's effect on people and buildings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A magnitude 4 earthquake on the Richter scale is how many times
stronger than a magnitude 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A series of earthquakes that occurred near ________ in 1811-1812 were the most widely felt earthquakes to occur in recorded history. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ is a seismic sea wave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is a measure of an earthquake's effect on people and buildings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water that lies beneath the surface, filling pore spaces in rock |
|
|
Term
| ground water is ___ more abundant that surface water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much water on average reaches the surface of the earth and becomes ground water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the volume and flow of ground water depends on |
|
Definition
| porosity and permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of pore spaces in a rock |
|
|
Term
| the more porosity a rock has, the more ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability of a liquid to move through pores or fractures in a rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks need to be ______ for rock to be permeable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid flows easily through it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no fluid moves through it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ** rocks or sediment useful for extracting ground water must be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highly porous and permeable rock that is saturated with water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| good aquifers are commonly |
|
Definition
| sand and gravel, (sandstone and conglomerate), or highly fractured rock |
|
|
Term
| relatively impermeable rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of aquitards are |
|
Definition
| shale, and crystalline rocks (granite schist) |
|
|
Term
| shal has ___ porosity but _____ permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water percolates down through the ground and fills up pores |
|
Definition
| Distribution of ground water |
|
|
Term
| water stops at a dpeth of 5 to 10 km from the surface because what? |
|
Definition
| lithification (compaction and cementation) closes pores at these depths |
|
|
Term
| zone in which all pore spaces are filled with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - top surface of the saturated zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zone above the saturated zone, which pores are partially filled with water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general water flow is controlled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - the more permeable the rock |
|
Definition
| the faster water will move through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the faster water will move through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parallels the topography (flows downhill) |
|
|
Term
| are places where ground water flows to the surface, commonly where the water intersects the land surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deep holes that are drilled or dug into a aquifer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| addition of water to the saturated zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ** If the rate of water being removed faster than the recharge rate then the water table |
|
Definition
| will drop and wells will eventually go dry!!!! |
|
|
Term
| - excessive removal of water caused subsidence of the ground ( |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Groundwater easily polluted, hard and expensive to clean up |
|
Definition
| POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER |
|
|
Term
| - naturally formed underground chambers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caves are commonly formed in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| icicle-like pendants of calcite hanging fro the top of a cave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cone-shaped masses of calcite formed on cave floors directly below stalactites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - form when stalactites and stalagmites join together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
from the collapse of a cave roof
-very common around Clarksville |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
area with many sinkholes and cave systems
unpredictable aquifers, commonly polluted
forms karst topography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
springs that have water temperatures warmer than body temperature
form near magma chambers (Yellowstone
form from deep water (2-3 km) moving to the surface
commonly precipitate silica and calcite at surface (temp and pressure reduction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hot spring that periodically erupts water and steam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underground plumping above hot rocks prevent water from circulating-narrow, vertical chamber |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 steps for a Geysers |
|
Definition
| water heat-up at bottom, requires temperatures > 100 C to boil (needs higher temperature to boil because of the pressure)2) when water is hot enough -bubbles form and move water out of chamber3) pressure is reduced, because of the water leaving the chamber, causing great quantities of water to turn instantly turn to steam4) steam forces water and steam to erupt out of the vent5) cold water fills up chamber, process repeats (minutes, hours, days, months |
|
|
Term
a large, long-lasting mass of ice formed on land
-moves down hill because of gravity (think of glaciers as rivers of ice)-
forms any place, over a period of years, where more snow accumulates than melts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glaciers are important because they are effective agents of |
|
Definition
| erosion, transportation, and depos |
|
|
Term
| ** Form distinctively different geologic features from those produced by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of glaciation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glaciers found in mountainous region
(formed in valleys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glaciers covering a large part of a continent (>50 km2)
glaciers not restricted to valleys, covers most mountains and valleys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compacted mass of granular snow, (has pore spaces between grains)-forms from compaction of snow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With more compaction, firn changes to what? |
|
Definition
| GLACIAL ICE(no pore spaces |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 zones that glaciers can be divided into? |
|
Definition
| Zone of Accumulation and ablation |
|
|
Term
| upper part of a glacier where snow cover remains all year (more snow falls than melts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower part of the glacier where ice is lost by melting, evaporation, and calving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the breaking off of large chunks of ice when a glacier reaches a body of water(blocks float away as icebergs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the boundary between the zone of accumulation and the zone of ablation(marks to lowest position were snow remains all ye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the total amount of snow retained by the glacier equals the amount of ice and water lost, then the ________ of the glacier will not advance or retreat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although the terminus of the glacier is not moving, ice within the glacier |
|
Definition
| constantly moving from the zone of accumulation to the zone of ablation |
|
|
Term
| If snow accumulation is >> than water and ice lost -> ADVANCING GLACIER |
|
Definition
| glacier gets longer, terminus moves down slop |
|
|
Term
| If snow accumulation is << than water and ice lost -> RECEDING GLACIER |
|
Definition
| glacier gets shorter, terminus moves up slo |
|
|
Term
| because most glaciers today are receding earth has been |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the movement of valley glaciers |
|
Definition
| few mm-15 m/day ( varies during year) |
|
|
Term
| Valley Glaciers move faster in the ____ |
|
Definition
| Center and top of the glacier |
|
|
Term
Sliding of a glacier as a single body
(moves over Bedrock) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement that occurs within a glacier (does not move at base |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| top portion of glacier that rides passively over the plastic zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| open fissures or cracks formed by different rates of movement of ice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crevasses commonly form where |
|
Definition
| on outside edges of curves and changes in slope |
|
|
Term
| ice moves downward and outward from a central high area towards the edges of the glacier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat are the two way in which bedrock below the glaciers are eroded by basal sliding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocks at the bottom of a glacier scrap and grind away at the bedrock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striations and Rock Flour |
|
|
Term
grooves and scratches in bed rock
(indicate direction of ice movement) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very fine particles (mud-sized) formed from the grinding of bedrock-washes into stream and gives them a milky co |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaking loose of bedrock by melting and freezing of water in cracks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lANDSCAPES PRODUCED BY ALPINE GLACIATION ( |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| valley glaciers produce relatively straight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| width and strong abrasive power of glaciers carve edges of valleys making them straight and U-shaped |
|
|
Term
| Thicker the glacier, the more _____ |
|
Definition
| the more vertical erosion it prod |
|
|
Term
| trunk (main) glacier erodes much deeper than____ |
|
Definition
| smaller tributary glaciers |
|
|
Term
| when glacier disappears what forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steep-sided, half-bowl shaped depressions carved into a mountain at the head of a glacier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sharp peak that remains after cirques cut back into a mountain on several side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sharp ridges separating adjacent glacially carved valley |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do not form rugged topography like alpine glaciers-form rounded topography-form grooved, striated bedrock and rounded elongated mounta |
|
Definition
| Landscapes formed by Continental glaciation |
|
|
Term
| Sediment produced by glaciation |
|
Definition
| angular, multi sized, unsorted |
|
|
Term
| unsorted, unlayered rock debris carried by glaciers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specific types of till deposits that occurs on a glacier orleft behind by a glacier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ridge like bodies of till along the sides of a valley glacier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ridge of till formed where two adjacent lateral moraines join and are carried down the glaciers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crescent-shaped bodies of till that form at the terminus of a glacial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| period of geologic time when world temperatures were cold enough to produce extensive glaciatiom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most recent Glacial Age ended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| several cold and warm periods-cold periods (ice ages) temperatures were 5 C cooler than present-warm periods were slightly warmer than presen |
|
Definition
| During the Pleistocene Epoch (2 m.y to 10,000 years ag |
|
|
Term
| 1/3 of the world's landmass was covered by ice!!!!-ice covered large parts of North America-see Figure 12.34 for ice coverage in North America-sea level dropped 130 m (water trapped in glaciers),-formed land bridge between North America and Asia-huge inland lakes formed (example Lake Bonnevi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formed extensive recession moraines in U.S. during retreat of ice (Figure 12.34)-sea level rose to near or above present-day levels-formed Fiords |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coastal inlet that is a drowned glacially carved valley(formed during cold periods, get drowned during warm period)-common along the coasts of: Alaska, British Colombia, New Zealand, Norw |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CAUSED THE EARTH TO GET SO COLD? |
|
Definition
| change in earth's orbit and tilt (earth is farther away, less solar energy)2) change in earth's atmosphere a) decrease CO2 (less greenhouse-effect, earth gets cold)b) volcanic eruption (blocks sun, earth gets cold |
|
|
Term
| concerns shape and deformation of rocks and the forces that cause the deformation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tectonic forces move and deform parts of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tectonic forces produce stress causing the rock to what? |
|
Definition
| Strain (deform by bending and breaking) |
|
|
Term
| applied force (pressure/unit area) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the change in size (volume), or shape, or both while an object is under stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of stress? |
|
Definition
| Compressive,Tensional,Shear |
|
|
Term
| forces that tend to shorten a body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forces that tend to elongate or pull-apart a body |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| forces that tend to cause parallel movements in a body, but in opposite directions to each other |
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Definition
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Term
| a body molded or bent while under stress and does not return to it's original shape after relaxation of stress |
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Definition
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Term
| a deformed body will return to it's original shape after deforming stresses are relaxe |
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Definition
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Term
| a body that fractures when under stress |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 types of strain? |
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Definition
| plastic, Elastic, Brittle |
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Term
| rocks near the surface of earth (<10 km depth) can behave |
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Definition
| brittle or plastic to elastic if stress is applied very slowly |
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Term
| rocks below the surface of earth (>10 km depth) |
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Definition
| behave plastic to elastic |
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Term
| a map that shows the distribution of rock types or formations in an area |
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Definition
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Term
| display of geologic features in a vertical section |
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Definition
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Term
| Attitudes (direction and amount of tilt) of layers of rock can be describe in terms of |
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Definition
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Term
| the compass direction of a line formed by the intersection of an inclined plane (bedding plane) with a horizontal plane |
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Definition
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Term
| has two parts (dip angle, dip direction) |
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Definition
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Term
| is the acute angle measured downward from the horizontal plane to the bedding plane (ranges from 0-90 degrees |
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Definition
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Term
| compass direction in which the dip is measure |
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Definition
dip direction
it is the direction a ball will roll down an inclin |
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Term
dip direction is always 90 degrees to strike direction
T/F |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| line of maximum curvature of a fold |
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Definition
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Term
(rocks dip away or towards hinge line
T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| portion of a fold shared by an anticline and a syncline |
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Definition
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Term
| have the oldest beds along the hinge line and rocks dip away from hinge line |
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Definition
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Term
| have the youngest beds along the hinge line and rocks dip towards the hinge |
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Definition
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Term
| are folds with dipping (not horizontal) hinge lines |
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Definition
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Term
| a structure in which beds dip away from a central point |
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Definition
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Term
| when are beds that are bend into an upside down bowl shape |
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Definition
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Term
| ** oil and gas deposits are found |
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Definition
| below the central portions of structural do |
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Term
| a structure in which beds dip towards a central point |
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Definition
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Term
| Ween are beds that are bend into a bowl shape |
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Definition
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Term
| form when rocks break form stress, but have very little displacement (brittle strain) |
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Definition
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Term
| Joints are important for what type of projects? |
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Definition
| construction for locating ground water and ore deposits |
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Term
| fractures in bedrock along which movement has taken place (mm to 100's of km of movement |
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Definition
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Term
| are faults that have had movements in the last 10,000 ye |
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Definition
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Term
| faults are described in terms of their |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 type of faults |
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Definition
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Term
| movement is parallel to the dip of the fault |
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Definition
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Term
| movement is parallel to the strike of the fault |
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Definition
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Term
| faults that have both strike and dip slip components |
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Definition
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Term
| distinguished by relative movement of footwall block and hanging wall block |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of dip split faults? |
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Definition
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Term
| underlying surface of an inclined fault plane |
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Definition
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Term
| overlying surface of an inclined fault plane |
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Definition
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Term
| hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block |
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Definition
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Term
| formed by horizontal tensional stress |
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Definition
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Term
| down dropped block bounded by normal faults |
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Definition
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Term
| rifts are grabens associated |
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Definition
| diverging plat boundaries |
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Term
| uplifted block bounded by normal faults |
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Definition
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Term
| hanging wall block move up relative to footwall block |
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Definition
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Term
| Reverse faults form from ? |
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Definition
| Horizontal compressive stress |
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Term
| Reverse faults are common in ? |
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Definition
| Convergent plate margin areas |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of strike slip faults |
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Definition
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Term
| when looking across the fault, the opposite side moves to the le |
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Definition
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Term
| when looking across the fault, the opposite side moves to the right |
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Definition
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Term
| Strike SLip faults are common near |
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Definition
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Term
| San Andreas fault in California is |
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Definition
| Right lateral strike slip fault |
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Term
| shaking of the ground caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks beneath the earth's surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of sources of stored energy |
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Definition
| stress from tectonic forces (major source)-stress from intrusion of magma(minor, small earthquakes |
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Term
| Why are earthquakes important |
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Definition
kills thousands of people every year
-tremendous property damage
-Clarksville is located near the most active earthquake area in the eastern half of the U. S |
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Term
| Whats a cause of earthquakes? |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks stressed by tectonic forces, stored elastic strain until the strength of the rock is exceeded (F |
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Definition
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Term
| when strength is exceeded, rocks breaks (along a fault) causing what? |
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Definition
| releasing the stored energy in the form of seismic waves |
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Term
| earthquakes mostly occur where? |
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Definition
| upper, cooler portions of the earth where the rocks behave brittlely |
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Term
| energy waves produced during an earthquake |
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Definition
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Term
| point in the earth where seismic waves originate endpoint of initial movement on a fault |
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Definition
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Term
| point on the earth's surface directly above the focus |
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Definition
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Term
| intersection of the fault with the surface of the earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main types of seismic waves? |
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Definition
| Body Waves and Surface Waves |
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Term
| seismic waves that travel through the earth away from the focus |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of body waves? |
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Definition
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Term
| a compression wave that vibrates parallel to the direction of wave propagation |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fastest type of wave? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of wave can travel through solid and fluid material ? |
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Definition
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Term
| a wave that vibrates perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation (moves likes waves generated by a shaking rope |
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Definition
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Term
| What waves can only travel through a solid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What wave can indicate that outer core of earth is liquid? |
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Definition
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Term
| seismic waves that travel along the earth away from the epicenter |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the slowest type of wave? |
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Definition
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Term
| what wave can produce ground movement and last longer causing more property damage than body waves |
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Definition
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Term
| Seismic waves are measured by a |
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Definition
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Term
| Seismometer's readings are recorded on a |
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Definition
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Term
| The further away a seismometer is from the epicenter, the______ |
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Definition
| Later the earthquake will be recorded |
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Term
| time between the arrival of P and S wave gets _____ |
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Definition
| Longer with distance from earthquake |
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Term
| From the length of time between the arrival of P and S waves you can determine distance from |
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Definition
| Seismometer to earthquake |
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Term
| Can determine exact position by using ____ seismometers |
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Definition
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Term
| Strength of earthquakes are measured in what two ways? |
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Definition
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Term
| masurement of an earthquakes effect on people and buildings |
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Definition
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Term
| To measure intensity you would use a |
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Definition
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Term
| measurement of the energy released during an earthquake |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 scales of magnitude |
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Definition
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Term
| measurement of surface motion (based on how fast the ground shakes |
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Definition
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Term
| For magnitude what is the most commonly reported scale |
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Definition
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Term
logarithmic scale, higher the number the stronger the earthquake
T/F |
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Definition
True
ten magnitude 2 earthquakes equals one magnitude 3 earthquake |
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Term
| a new scale that measures the amount of energy released during an earthquake more accurately |
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Definition
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Term
| Moment magnitude does what for the richter scale |
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Definition
| Indicates each division for the scale and equals about a 30 fold increase in energy released |
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Term
| Most earthquakes located in western U.S are ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Most earthquakes in the world occur along plate boundaries T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| structures fall down -concrete and brick structure collapse easier than wood frame building |
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Definition
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Term
| gas mains break, water mains break most of San Francisco 1906 earthquake damage was from fire |
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Definition
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Term
| Landslides are a common effect of an earthquake? t/F |
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Definition
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Term
| water saturated soil or sediment turns from a solid to a liquid from earthquake shaking |
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Definition
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Term
| vertical or horizontal movement of the earth along a fault-seldom exceeds 25 fee |
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Definition
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Term
large ocean waves produced by an earthquake
very dangerous (can hit occur many 100's of kilometers away from earthquake)-
moves at speeds up to 450 miles/hour
-can create waves 50 -100 feet high along shore (278 ft record height) |
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Definition
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Term
| small earthquakes that follow the main shock |
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Definition
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Term
| small earthquakes that precede the main shock -not all big earthquakes have foreshocks |
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Definition
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