Term
| Two ways rocks can be formed |
|
Definition
may not be made up of materials (volcanic glass)
may contain organic material (coal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any naturally occurring, nonliving, firm and coherent aggregate masses of solid matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by consolidation of magma, crystallization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by chemical preceipitation or deposition of materials in suspended water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks that are changed by heat and pressure (depth) |
|
|
Term
| sedimentary rock seismic velocity? |
|
Definition
| sedimentary rocks have very low seismic velocity |
|
|
Term
| what will happen if you have a house on sedimentary rock during an earthquake? |
|
Definition
| there will be LOTS of damage |
|
|
Term
| what do metamorphic rocks act as? |
|
Definition
| metamorphic rocks act as temperature readers and pressure readers during plate collisions. |
|
|
Term
| as you go down into depth, what happens to the way you melt things? |
|
Definition
| as you go down in depth, you can melt things at a lower temperature and at a higher pressure. |
|
|
Term
| sedimentary rocks are made up of what? |
|
Definition
| bits and pieces of other kinds of rocks. |
|
|
Term
| two kinds of sedimentary rocks. they are classic and chemical. what are the characteristics of these two? |
|
Definition
1) classic: are broken bits of rocks.
Think: hiking in mountatins, you see sand in a stream. That sand is bits and pieces.
2) chemical sediments: dissolved in fluids. When fluid evaporates the sediments remain. Think: SALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sand combines to create a sand stone. this is sedimentary rocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid can flow through this kind of sedimentary rock.
If they are permeable then its easy to recover oil and gas |
|
|
Term
| What kind of rocks are key to finding oil and gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most shallow kind of rock? |
|
Definition
| sedimentary rocks. they are about 3.5 km |
|
|
Term
| is pourous and permeable the same thing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of rocks are important to volcanoes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are igneous rocks formed? |
|
Definition
| they are formed from silicate material |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways Igneous Rocks cool? |
|
Definition
1) come to the surface and cool (extrusive)
extrusive cools faster
2) magma cools at depth (intrusive) |
|
|
Term
| Where does crystalization occur? |
|
Definition
| intrusive cooling. the slower the rock cools, the better environment for crystal growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the resource at depth. the raw magmic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fingers of magma that make their way to the surface |
|
|
Term
| does magma move horizontally or vertically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of magma do you get with oceanic plumes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of magma do you get with continental? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of volcanoes accompany the ring of fire and why? |
|
Definition
| Andesitic volcanoes accompany the Ring of Fire because they sit on subduction zones |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of magma on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basalt Magma characteristics |
|
Definition
Least amount of slilica
Least viscus
Highest temperature to melt
Not a lot of gas when you get to the surface
So magma flowwwss out onto surface instead of exploding |
|
|
Term
| Andesitic amount of silica |
|
Definition
| has intermediate amount of silica. Is the second after basaltic |
|
|
Term
| What kind of magma has the MOST amount of silica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Granitic magma |
|
Definition
MOST amount of silica
Most explosive
More trapped gas
Forms most pyroclasts
Greatest amount of viscosity
Most explosive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little bits and pieces of stuff that explodes |
|
|
Term
| shield volcano characteristics |
|
Definition
Great horizontal extent and modest hight
Associated with basaltic eruptions
When magma comes to surface, it flows a long way before it cools
Like Hawaii
Typical of plumes in oceanic eruptions
IS THE LEAST VISCUS
IS THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE THAT COMES OUT OF EARTHS SURFACE |
|
|
Term
| Strato Volcano Characteristics |
|
Definition
Lot of hight but very narrow
Magma does not flow far away from location point
Andesitic
Subduction zones
Mt. St. Helens
Higher viscosity andesite
Explosive nature
Now when magma gets to surface, more trapped sulfer dioxide, carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Pyroclasts occur
Some magma
Lower temperature than basalt
More peak*
More explosive* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| craters that accompany BIG volcanic eruptions |
|
|
Term
| Lava drome etc. are made of pyroclasts (on slide) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is ridge volcanism primarily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intrusive volcanic rocks that solidified before they made it to the surface |
|
|
Term
| HAWAII volcano characteristics |
|
Definition
Driven by a hotspot in the upper mantle
A single point rather than a whole ridge of spreading
When gets to surface, low silicate content and low water content
Can watch magma move
Low viscocity basalt material
Flow a long ways
Is a shield volcano
Hot spot is located 60 km below surface
Plume comes up through the mantle
In most cases, a secondary magma chamber occurs very close to the surface. About 5 km close to surface.
Magma chamber fills and explosion happens
Shield upon shield is the way we build hawaiin islands |
|
|
Term
| what kind of volcano is hawaii? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two main differences between Strata volcanoes and shield volcanoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixed slurry of water and things that come raging down mountain at 100 mph. **important hazard |
|
|
Term
| Hawaiian volcanism vs. cascade volcanism |
|
Definition
Intraplate. Within the plate. Hotspot (Hawaii)
Magma comes from the geography of the sub-ducting plate (cascade) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure of people, structure and systems to a hazard. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of motion occured at Loma Prieda earthquake? |
|
Definition
| horizontal and vertical motion. It was mostly horizontal motion...about eight feet of horizontal motion |
|
|
Term
| How deep was the Loma Prieda earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What magnitude was the loma prieda earthquake? |
|
Definition
| 7.1 which is moderate size |
|
|
Term
| In what why can we use gaps in seismicity? |
|
Definition
| we can use gaps in seismicity to help us understand where an earthquake will occur |
|
|
Term
| Why was there so much motion near the bay area during the loma prieda quake? |
|
Definition
| There is water, sand and sediments. Liquefaction occurs! Geology is different up there. Mud, sediments, and loose material. Seismic waves will slow down their velocity **** |
|
|
Term
| What was one secondary effect of the loma prieda quake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ground shaking
differential ground settlement
land and mud slides
liquification
avalanches
displacement along fault at surface
tsunami
floods
fires
structrual collaps
toxic contamination
falling objects |
|
|
Term
| where was most of the damage after the Point Loma earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when event occured, we got seventy earthquakes an hour. Within four days, we got ten earthquakes in an hour |
|
|
Term
| What was some of the reasons why the feeways collapsed after the Loma Prieda Earthquake? |
|
Definition
Freeways did not use springs on freeways
No wrapping on freeways |
|
|
Term
| what should the water and gas lines have been in regards to strength? |
|
Definition
| they should have been more flexible. |
|
|
Term
| what should the water and gas lines have been in regards to strength? |
|
Definition
| they should have been more flexible. |
|
|
Term
| What was important in regards to steel on the freeway? |
|
Definition
| Tying steel together on the freeway is IMPORTANTE |
|
|
Term
| Can you change a building after it has already been built? |
|
Definition
| Yes, it is called retrofitting |
|
|
Term
| Least silicate magma to most silicate magma |
|
Definition
| basalt--andesite--rhyolite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melted oceanic crust plus water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of basalt, andesite and ryholite has a higher melting temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocean Hot spots are what kind of magma formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of magma composition is the hot spots under continents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does oceanic crust melt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when you add water to magma? why? |
|
Definition
| it makes it more EXPLOOOSIIIIVVE because it gas more GAASSSS |
|
|
Term
| What happens when magma interacts with ground water? |
|
Definition
| it will be charged with gas |
|
|
Term
| Describe magma with high viscocity: |
|
Definition
| bubbles are unable to escape. So the energy stays in the magma. High viscocity=high explosive eruption |
|
|
Term
| LOW viscocity characteristics |
|
Definition
| gasses stream out and quiet flows and lava foundations. |
|
|
Term
| what happens to polarization (linkage of atoms) as temperature decreases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to polarization (linkage of atoms) as temperature decreases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low silica means what kind of viscocity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high silica means what kind of viscocity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as we melt material, different kinds of risiduals come off of that material |
|
|
Term
| the most maphic material can melt to form what? |
|
Definition
| SALT shake it like a salt shaker. |
|
|
Term
| what are three controlling factors of volcanic activity? |
|
Definition
viscocity
gas content
composition |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of something with low viscoity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of something with high viscocity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some observations in regards to basalts and fractional melting? |
|
Definition
Ocean & Continental crus randomly distrubuted
mantle is the source and little gas |
|
|
Term
| Some ovservations in regards to fractional melting and andesites? |
|
Definition
Ocean and continental crust ALWAYS near subduction zones.
Mantle source
Melting of subducting oceanic crust
SEAWATER supplies source of gas |
|
|
Term
| Rhyolite observationis in regards to fractional melting in regards to ryolite |
|
Definition
continental crust only
melting of conintental crust
gas from FLUIDS IN CRUST |
|
|
Term
| How much trapped gas does basalt have? |
|
Definition
| it has little trapped gas |
|
|
Term
| how much trapped gas do andesited have and where is it from>? |
|
Definition
| have little trapped gas, but it is FROM SEA WATER |
|
|
Term
| Can Rhyolite pick up fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more explosive: basalt, andesite or rhyolite? why? |
|
Definition
| andesite and rhyolite because they are more viscus and have more trapped fluid mixed with gas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lave is magma that flows onto the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broken bits of magma thrown out of volcanoe by escaping gas. |
|
|
Term
| what are two types of pyroclasts and what are their characteristics? |
|
Definition
TEPHRA: unconsolidated
PHYROCLASTIC ROCK: consolidated or cemented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water vapor
carbon dioxide
sulfur |
|
|
Term
| what are the important magmatic materials? |
|
Definition
lava
phyroclasts
gas
intrusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basalt moves in large horizontal direction rapidly when at the surface. should look vroad and not very tall |
|
|
Term
| how does andesite and rhyolite move when at the surface? |
|
Definition
| does not move very far from the volcano |
|
|
Term
| what kind of volcanoes do andesidic and rhyolitic eruptions form>? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can rhyolitic volcanoes create?why? |
|
Definition
| rhyolitic volcanoes can create craters because they have a ton of gas |
|
|
Term
| how can super volcoes effect the earth? |
|
Definition
| they can cause the earth to be winter for TWO YEARS. does not happen very often....obviouslyyyy |
|
|
Term
| are tephra and pyroclastic rocks hazerdous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name tow extrusive lava properties and their characteristics? |
|
Definition
AA: high viscocity lava. does not flow far or fast.
Pahoehoe: hot, fluid lava. Outside is cooled first and inside is cooled later. LOW VISCOCITY. moves fast. |
|
|
Term
| how are cinder cones formed? |
|
Definition
| if the material is unconsolidate. is NOT long term. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pyroclasts are hot enoughm, they link together to form wielded tufts |
|
|
Term
| take this slide to look at the intrusive magma slide located on: magma and pyroclasts lecture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tectonic settings of magmatism |
|
Definition
spreading centers
subduction zones
intraplate volcanism |
|
|
Term
| What does temperature do as we move into the earth's interior |
|
Definition
| temperature increases as we move into the earths interior |
|
|
Term
| for a 35 km thick crust, how much would it be at the base of the crust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the base of the crust, how how it is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the gradient important? |
|
Definition
| the gradient drives the magma |
|
|
Term
| what is the velocity of seismic waves dependent on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you get close to melting pressure? |
|
Definition
| velocity of propagation will decrease |
|
|
Term
| there is a wide range of temperatures in the mantle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of magma is yellowstone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of magma is the simplist silicate but melts at the highest temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is temperature important |
|
Definition
| temperature is important because it tell us how to move from one igneous rock to another. partial melting |
|
|
Term
| on the graph reading "the effects of pressure" what is everything less than 1,000? |
|
Definition
| everything less than 1,000 is a solid |
|
|
Term
| in the "effects of pressure" slide what is everything over 13,000? |
|
Definition
| everything over 13,000 is a liquid |
|
|
Term
| what is the line between mixture and liquid called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the line between solid and mixture called?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you change the way a material goes from solid to liquid? |
|
Definition
| change the DEPTH and PRESSURE |
|
|
Term
| how can you change the way a material goes from solid to liquid? |
|
Definition
| change the DEPTH and PRESSURE |
|
|
Term
| Pressure tries to keep material what? |
|
Definition
| pressure tries to keep it solid |
|
|
Term
| does pressure slow down or speed up melting process? |
|
Definition
| pressure slows down the melting proccess |
|
|
Term
| what magma melts at the coolest temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quantification of Eruption Size |
|
Definition
Visual Appearance
Magnitude
Dispersive Power
Intensity
Volcanic Explosivity Index |
|
|
Term
| What kind of magma accompanys Hawaiian activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of temperatures does hawaii have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of viscosity does hawaii have?" |
|
Definition
| it has the lowest viscocity because it's BASALT BITCH! |
|
|
Term
| what kind of explosiveness is Hawaii? |
|
Definition
| hawaii is the mildest explosion |
|
|
Term
| what kind of VELOCITY (not viscocity) does hawaii have? |
|
Definition
| hawaii has the lowest velocity because it is basaltic. it also has low viscocity |
|
|
Term
| How high would an eruption like hawaii go? |
|
Definition
| 100's of meters into the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture of sulfor dioxide with water |
|
|
Term
| how much volitales does hawaii have? |
|
Definition
| hawaii has very little gas. less than 1% by weight |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between strombolian activity and hawaiian activity |
|
Definition
| strompolian has WAY MORE trapped gas (pizza steam) than hawaiian. Strombolian has a high amount of pressure gas |
|
|
Term
| Does strombolian activity last long? |
|
Definition
| no, strombolian activity does not last very long |
|
|
Term
| Is Strombolian activity primarily basaltic, andelitic, or rhyolite? |
|
Definition
| strombolian activity is primarily basaltic. but it has much more trapped gas then the hawaiian |
|
|
Term
| In regards to both viscosity and velocity, how does a strombolian volcano behave? |
|
Definition
the velocity is 20-80 m/s
it has LOW viscocity because it is primarily basaltic |
|
|
Term
| how many volitales does strombolian activity have? |
|
Definition
| 10- 30% by weight. which is about ten times more than Hawaiian activity |
|
|
Term
| how far does strombolian activity go up into the air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volcanian activity occurs on subduction zones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of magma comes out of volcanian activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how short/long are the explosions in volcanian activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how high is the volcanian eruptive column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of viscocity is volcanian activity>? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of materials is blasted out of volcanian material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the velocity of Volcanian Activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the oceanic crust with volcanian activity |
|
Definition
| volcanian activity has melting oceanic crust. |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary source the trapped gas in volcanian activity? |
|
Definition
| water that gets subducted |
|
|
Term
| why is there trapped gas in volcanian activity? |
|
Definition
| because of the intermediate viscocity |
|
|
Term
| Sub-plinian or Vesuvian Activity. what kind of magma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of eruptions occur in sub-plinian or vesuvian activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direct effects of volcanoes |
|
Definition
| eruption clouds, shock waves fromt eh eruption blast, lava and pyroclastic vlows and volcanic gases |
|
|
Term
| indirect effects of volcanoes |
|
Definition
| lahars, flooding, tsunamis, post-eruption starvation (?) random |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rock fragments that are blasted into the air. made up of either bombs or ash |
|
|
Term
| sub-plinian or vesuvian activity. what kind of magma is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of eruptions does the sub-plinian or vesuvian activity have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how far does sub-plinian or vesuvian activity explode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does sub-plinian or vesuvian activity have low, moderate, or high visocity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does plinian activity have low, moderate, or high viscocity? what is the magnitude? |
|
Definition
HIGH
magnitude is GREATER THAN FOUR |
|
|
Term
| what else can plinian activity cause? |
|
Definition
| plinian activity can cause calderas |
|
|
Term
| do all volcanoes erupt in the same way? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mt. Vesuvius erupted in two forms of activity. what were they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how far up do materials go in plinian activity? |
|
Definition
| 35 km up up up into the air. i'll be up up and away up up and away |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest of all the eruptions? |
|
Definition
| ULTRAPLINIAN (dramatic music plays) |
|
|
Term
| ultraplinarian volcanoes are associated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does ultraplinarian volcano activity effect the earth's temperature? |
|
Definition
| it cools it down down down down baby are you down down down down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| log of mass of the material ejected from the volcano |
|
|
Term
| What kind of magma eruptions last the longest? |
|
Definition
| Basaltic eruption last teh longes |
|
|
Term
| Bigger the earthquake, bigger the seismic waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Take this oportunity to look at the VEI slide located in "eruption size" lecture. know the differences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dispersive power definition |
|
Definition
| area covered by tephra fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exposure of people, structures and systems to a hazard. |
|
|
Term
| How can we identify areas most likely to be affected by geologic hazards? such as what? |
|
Definition
| by looking at the history. we can look at recurrence intervals also helps. |
|
|
Term
| the shape and explosive nature of these volcanoes is a direct result of what? |
|
Definition
| the magma's chemical content |
|
|
Term
| magma high silica is also high in viscocity which means.... |
|
Definition
| IT DOES NOT FLOW EASILY. think syrup |
|
|
Term
| stratovolcanoes are all located over... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water vapor and other gases in magma building pressure and thus being released explosivly is characteristic of what kind of volcano? |
|
Definition
| Stratovolcanoes, which are located above subduction zones |
|
|
Term
| no single feature describes the size of a volcanic eruption. t/f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do scientisis use to compare the energy of eruptions? |
|
Definition
| VEI (volcanic explosivity index) |
|
|
Term
| what factors are calculated into the VEI |
|
Definition
height of plume
distance ejected materials traveled
duration of blast
volume of material speed |
|
|
Term
| a VEI distance of one represents a difference in envergy of how many? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more capable of affecting larger areas of people: volcanoes or earthquakes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when heavy ashfall falls onto buildings, what can happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As magma rises toward the surface, what happens to the pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| magmas with high scilica content are more or less explosive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Much of the gas released by volcanoes is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is most water vapor produced? |
|
Definition
| when the magma comes in contact with groudnwater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a caldera is a large depression at the sumit of a volcano and is formed when magma erups or withdraws from a subsurface resavoir. this causes the overlying rock to collapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mafic
Intermediate
Felsic |
|
|
Term
| Mafic igneous rock is makes up what kind of magma when it is cooled extrusively? intrusively? how much silica does it have? |
|
Definition
extrusively: basalt
intrusively: gabbro
silica: 50% |
|
|
Term
| What kind of magma is formed from intermediate rocks when it is cooled extrusively? intrusively? what about the silica? |
|
Definition
extrusive: andesite
intrusive: dorite
silica: 60% |
|
|
Term
| What kind of magma is formed by Felsic rock when it is cooled extrusively? intrusively? silica? |
|
Definition
extrusive: Rhyolite
Intrusive: Granite
silica: 70% |
|
|
Term
| Igneous rocks are made up of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sedimentary rock is made up of what? |
|
Definition
| lithification of sediments and weathered rocks |
|
|
Term
| metamorphic rock changes rock using what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Basaltic Volcanism is associated with what kind of plate tectonics |
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Definition
| hot spots and ocean ridges |
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Term
| Andesitic volcanism is associated with what kind of plate tectonics? |
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Definition
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Term
| rhyolite is associated with what kind of plate tectonics? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is andesites source? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is rhyolites source? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of volcanic activity occurs at speading centers? what kind of boundary? what happens to the mantle when it melts? example? |
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Definition
divergent boundary
when it melts, it forms basalt
mid-atlantic ridge is an example |
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Term
| what kind of boundaries accompany subduction zones? what kind of volcanic activity accompanies subduction zones>?example? |
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Definition
ocean-ocean and ocean-continent boundary
stratovolcanoes and calderas
granic bioliths
ex: cascade range |
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Term
| is intraplate setting near plate boundaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of melting occurs in intraplate setting |
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Definition
| melting of either mantle or continental crust |
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Term
| in intraplate plate volcanism, isolated shield volcanoes and calderas overlay what? |
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Definition
| shield volcanoes and calderas overlay mantle plumes (hot spots) |
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Term
| depending on the composition of host plate, what kind of volcanic activity occurs in intraplate? |
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Definition
| both passive and violent activity |
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Term
| examples of intraplate volcanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| average temperature of gradients? |
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Definition
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Term
| for a 35 km thick crust, what is the temperature of the base of the crust |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how much damage was there after loma prieda earthquake? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many people died in loma prieda quake |
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Definition
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Term
| Safety tips in being ready for an earthquake |
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Definition
no objects on high shelves
know how to turn off gas, electricity and water
fasten heavy items to building
flashlight radio, etc.
know cpr |
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Term
| what should/shouldn't do during and earthquake |
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Definition
indoors: stand against wall
under table
stand AWAY from windows
OUTDOORS: stay in the open
stay away from overhead objects and electrical wires
stop car away from overpasses
no candles |
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Term
| quakes are large waves that will subside in how long |
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Definition
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Term
| AFter a quake, what should you do |
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Definition
first aid
check electric, gas and water lines
shut off anything questionable
use radio
move out of damaged buildings
beweare of overhead hazard
expect aftershocks for many days
be prepared with food, water, and emergency supplies |
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Term
| ridge volcansism is associated with what? |
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Definition
| underwater and pillow basalts |
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Term
| where is the largest hot spot UNDER A CONTINENT located? |
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Definition
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Term
| super volcanoes are located over what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the final stage of plume passage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence of thermal effects on yellowstone? |
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Definition
| hot springs, hot geysers, and steam vents |
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Term
| Where is the NA plate drifting? |
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Definition
| the NA plate is drifting 1 inch/year to SW over hot spot |
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Term
| what has happened in the past of yellowstone? |
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Definition
| volcanic eruption and cladera |
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Term
| where was yellowstone 16.5 million years ago? |
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Definition
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Term
| when and where did yellostone wind up? |
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Definition
| it winded up in Wyoming 2 MMilion years ago |
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Term
| How many times has there been caldera formation since the past 16.5 mmilion years |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pre-yellowstone
yellowstone
snake river plane (final stage) |
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Term
| the yellowstone phase of plumes has what characteristics? |
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Definition
basaltic magma in lower crust
widespread ashful
silic magma upper crust
explosive, caldera forming eruption |
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Term
| After a hot spot passes, what happens to the crust? |
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Definition
| a 300-mile-wide and 1700 food bulge in crust |
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Term
| what happens to the plain when a hot spot passes? |
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Definition
| plain SINKS and fills with flood basalts. it also becomes FERTILE |
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Term
| Grand Tetons are examples of waht? |
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Definition
| normal faulting from regional extension |
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Term
| The Hebgan quake following yellostone eruption had what magnitude and what kind of displacement |
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Definition
7.5 magnitude
max of 22 feet of vertical displacemetn |
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Term
| Yellostone is an example o |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the ingredients for caldera formation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a long time between yellostone effects? |
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Definition
| YES. there is a long time between events |
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Term
| convergent boundries have a lot of what kind of motino |
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Definition
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Term
| how big does an earthquake have to be to generate enough vertical motion to form a tsunami |
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Definition
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Term
| Largest earthquakes are where? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the period of tsunamis |
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Definition
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Term
| tectonic setting and tsunami in sumatra-andaman of 2004 |
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Definition
Many small surrounding plates
india plate subducts under burma microplate at 5 cm/yr |
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Term
| what marks the boundary between the plates of sumatra-andaman island earthquake |
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Definition
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Term
| how much did the fault slip durring the earthquake for sumatra tsunami |
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Definition
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Term
| *how much fault lengh slipped during earthquake of sumatra |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the amplitude of tsunami waves |
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Definition
| open ocean: a few millimenters to half a meter |
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Term
| tsunami speed depends on what? |
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Definition
water depth.
deep=fast
shallow=slow |
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Term
| many of the biggest calderas are associated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| as depth increases, wave velocity does what? |
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Definition
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Term
| could the impact have been minimized in tsunami at sumatra in 2004 |
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Definition
| because seismic waves travel faster than tsunamis, rapidanalysis of seismograms can identify earthquakes likely to cause major tsunamis and predict when waves will arrive. also, deep ocean buoys can verify tsunami |
|
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Term
| do all earthquakes generate tsunamis? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much slower is tsunami waves than seismic waves |
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Definition
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