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| uses lenses to focus image into eyepiece |
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| uses mirrors to create focus, majority of telescopes |
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| an optical device for producing and observing a spectrum of light or radiation from any source, consisting essentially of a slit through which the radiation passes, a collimating lens, and an Amici prism |
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| one full trip around the sun |
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| winter and summer solstice |
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| shortest (around 21 December) and longest day (around 21 June) of the year, when axis is tilted most away from the sun |
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| spring and autumn equinoxes |
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| when the day and night are equal Usually occur on 20 March (Spring) and 21 September for (Autumn) |
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| solar eclipse vs. lunar eclipse |
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| when moon blocks sun--solar eclipse, when earth blocks the sun=lunar eclipse |
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| one spin on axis, i.e. a day |
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| arrangement of electromagnetic radiation according to wave lengths; radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays |
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| when a planet appears to move backwards in its orbit, happens when earth passes a slower-moving outer planet |
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| Kepler's First Law: planets orbit the sun in ellipses |
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| heliocentric vs. geocentric |
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| sun-centered vs. earth-centered |
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| What do the solistice/equinox tell us about the position of the sun |
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equinox - when the axis of rotation of the earth is exactly parallel to the direction of motion of the earth around the sun. This happens on just two days of the year, the spring and autumn equinoxes.
Solstices occur when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator. |
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planets beyond the asteroid belt, the gas giants,
Gigantic
far from sun and far from each other
made ice and gas - helium and hydrogen |
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synthesized terrestial and celestial dynamics with theory of gravitation. Force of gravity that pulls apple to earth is force of gravity that keeps moon to earth.
Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation
. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes
built first reflecting telescope |
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dense rocky small planets that are close to the sun and close to each other. T
mercury - rotates 3 1/2 times per revolution around the sun, doesn't have an atmosphere
venus - closest in size to earth. thick CO2 atmosphere -
earth - water planet, tilted access has the seasons
mars - red planet because it has lots of iron in the soil |
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| a solid piece of debris, from such sources as asteroids or comets, that originates in outer space and survives its impact with the Earth's surface |
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Jupiter-largest planet, 16 moons
Saturn-second-largest, bright ring system.
Uranus-third-largest, least massive, tilted almost onto the plane of its orbit.
Neptune-smallest, one big retrograde moon and many small ones. |
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| change in the wave frequency that occurs in energy when that energy moves toward or away from an observer... like a siren as it moves closer |
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| when something is moving away from you, it sound is lengthening and it becomes red shifted (longer wavelength). As sound/light approaches, sound decreases and becomes blue shifted (shorter wavelengths) |
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| A group of stars that forms a pattern that resembles an animal, mythological character or every day object |
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| a small extremely dense remnant of a star whose gravity is so immense that even light cannot escape its gravity field - (usually occurs after super nova) |
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part of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the naked eye
violet (short wave length reflected more)
red (long wave length reflected less) |
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is the total amount of energy emitted by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical object per unit time.
energy output of a star per second measured in watts
amount of energy leaving a star at a given time |
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| brightness that an object would have if it were placed at a distance of 10 pc classification system for stellar brightness that can only be calculated when the actual distance is known |
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| fourth stage of a star - longest stage |
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| process in the stars core which lightweight hydrogen nuclei combine into heavier helium nuclei |
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| wind of charged particles that flows throughout the solar system and begins as gas flowing outward from the suns cornea at high speeds |
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End of stars life -
collapse dense core of star that forms quickly while its outer layers are falling inward - a mass of 1.5-3X size of sun and has only neutrons |
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| dead star - made up of carbon |
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| stars that have exhausted their Hydrogen fuel and are burning Helium and heavier elements. |
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| a star dies in a HUGE explosion, blowing off its outer layers |
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| apparent positional shift of an object caused by the motion of the observer |
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| bright line - dark line - continuous spectrum - emission /absorbtion spectrum |
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bright line - emission spectrum - electron fall down - drop which makes light be emitted - identifies which elements are present in the light source
Dark line - absorbtion spectrum - electrons jump up which means light is absorbed
more lines in spectrum mean more elements present |
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| 14 B years ago a big bang exploded the singularity |
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| A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter |
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| Galaxy of our solar system, Disc-like shape with spiral arms ... has nuclear bulge with a little halo - 100 B+ stars - |
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| Sun completed nebulae, birth of star, main sequence (stable state - which is where it is now)... After it completes this sequence, it will become a BLACK DWARF |
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| Hertzsprun-Russell Diagram |
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| Graph to study star's evolution... energy output/size/absolute magnitude/luminosity/true brightness and temperature of a star |
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| Sun plot on the H_R Diagram ? Color of hottest stars? |
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Sun plots on Main Spectrum 6,000K
Hottest stars are Blue |
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| Nuclear Reaction at center of sun? |
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| charged particles in the solar wind interacts with the earth's magnetic field and produces the Aurora(Northern lights) |
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| Meterology review: chapter 11 vocabulary |
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| The mesosphere (/ˈmɛsoʊsfɪər/; from Greek mesos "middle" and sphaira "ball") is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratopause and directly below the mesopause. |
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| the transfer of energy that occurs when energy collides |
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the layer closest to earth's surface... contains most of the mass of the atmosphere including water vapor
Contains: 78% nitrogen and 21% Oxygen |
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| The ionosphere /aɪˈɒnɵˌsfɪər/ is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. |
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| (hair) - wispy streamy clouds |
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| (heap) - puffy looking clouds |
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| solid percipitation It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice |
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| transfer of energy by a flow of heated substance |
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a gas formed by the addition of a third oxygen atom to a molecule
Produced by combinations of air pollutants in the troposphere |
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| above the troposphere, extending to about 32 miles (50 km) above the earth's surface (the lower boundary of the mesosphere). made up primarily of concentrated ozones |
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| a natural electrical phenomenon characterized by the appearance of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky, usually near the northern or southern magnetic pole. |
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| An instrument that uses the difference in readings between two thermometers, one having a wet bulb and the other having a dry bulb, to measure the moisture content or relative humidity of air. |
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| is a dense towering vertical cloud associated with thunderstorms and atmospheric instability, forming from water vapor carried by powerful upward air currents. |
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| the ratio of the mass of water vapor in air to the total mass of the mixture of air and water vapor. |
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| vaporaization change of state involving thermal energy process whereby water changes to liquid to gas |
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| the atmospheric temperature (varying according to pressure and humidity) below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form. |
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| a process of conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid. |
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| Relative humidity is the ratio f water vapor contained in a specific volume of air compared with how much water vapor that amount of air can actually hold. |
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| Stratus clouds are a genus of low-level cloud characterized by horizontal layering with a uniform base, as opposed to convective or cumuliform clouds that are formed by rising thermals. |
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| Latent heat is the energy released or absorbed by a body or a thermodynamic system during a constant-temperature process. |
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| Chapter 12- Meteorology vocabulary |
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| global wind systems that flows at 30 degrees north and south latitude where air sinks warms and returns to the equator in a westerly direction |
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| global wind system that lies between 30 - 60 degrees N latitude where surface air moves toward the poles in an easterly direcation |
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| Study the air that surrounds our planet, atmospheric phenomen snow clouds lightening, fog |
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| low pressure area by the equator. low wind, rain |
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| the deflects moving particles such as air right above the equator and to the left of the equator caused by earths rotation and combines with the imbalance on earth to create the tradewinds and polar easterlies and prevailing westerlies |
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| Horse latitudes or subtropical highs are subtropical latitudes between 30 and 35 degrees both north and south. |
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moon is between earth and sun
Earth is between moon and sun |
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First: Waxing parallel to earth, half moon
Third: Waning also parallel to the earth and half moon |
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| lunar or solar pull that causes water to rush to that side |
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| Why do the tides rise and fall every 6 hours and 12.5 minutes |
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| Because the Earth rotates through two tidal “bulges” every lunar day, coastal areas experience two high and two low tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes. High tides occur 12 hours and 25 minutes apart. It takes six hours and 12.5 minutes for the water at the shore to go from high to low, or from low to high.The lunar day is 50 minutes longer than a solar day because the moon revolves around the Earth in the same direction that the Earth rotates around its axis. So, it takes the Earth an extra 50 minutes to “catch up” to the moon |
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Spring: more tide because sun and moon are aligned moon is in new or full stage
Neap: Very little tide because the moon and the sun are pulling in two opposite directions, moon is in first or third quarter |
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Weather: current state of the atmosphere
Climate: Long term variations in a particular region |
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Exosphere-top- Temp: close to 0 degrees
Thermosphere- Temp: rises to an average of zero
Mesosphere- Temperature drops to -80 because no Ozone
Stratosphere- Contains concentrated OZONE absorbs ultraviolet radiation Temp: rises to zero
Troposphere- bottom- clouds are located- |
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Conduction- heat flow involves the transfer of heat from one location to another in the absence of any material flow
Convection- the process of heat transfer from one location to the next by the movement of fluids
Radiation-the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves |
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Heat- is the amount of energy in a system
Temperature- is the MEASURE of the AVERAGE molecular motions in a system and simply has units of (degrees F, degrees C, or K) |
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| The water cycle is a continuous cycle where water evaporates, travels into the air and becomes part of a cloud, falls down to earth as precipitation, and then evaporates again. This repeats again and again in a never-ending cycle. Water keeps moving and changing from a solid to a liquid to a gas, over and over again. |
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| Evaporation and Condensation |
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Evaporation: When a liquid becomes a gas [Warming]
Condensation: When a gas (Vapor) becomes a liquid [Cooling] |
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Specific Humidity
What holds more hot or cold air? |
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The ratio of water vapor in the air to the total mass it can hold
Warm holds more |
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| Relative Humidity... How is it measured? |
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| Relative Humidity is a measure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount of vapor that can exist in the air at its current temperature. It is measured in a percent (%) |
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| the atmospheric temperature (varying according to pressure and humidity) below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form. |
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| Adiabatic cooling deals with the cooling of parcels of air as they rise, or are forced up, through the atmosphere |
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