Term
| A methodical approach to studying the natural world |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle that a proposition or theory cannot be scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Observation, Defining a Question or Problem, Research, Forming a Hypothesis, Prediction from the Hypothesis, Experimentation, Evaluation and Analysis, Peer Review and Evaluation, Publication |
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Term
| An educated guess proposal to explain certain facts |
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Definition
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Term
| A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation |
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Definition
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Term
| An item that may change depending on what happens to the independent variable |
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Definition
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Term
| An item that is manipulated to get a reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| A confirmed or agreed-upon empirical observation or conclusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Knowledge or information based on read occurrences |
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Definition
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Term
| Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed |
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Definition
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Term
| A real occurrence or event |
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Definition
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Term
| An integrated, comprehensive explanation of many facts that can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena |
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Definition
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Term
| A model in which Earth sits motionless at the center of the universe while the sun and all the planets follow perfectly circular orbits around it |
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Definition
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Term
| A model in which all planets including Earth orbit the sun |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Carefully designed to test a specific hypothesis and can be repeated
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The study of the overall structure and evolution of the universe |
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Definition
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Term
| The imaginary line that connects the North and South Poles |
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Definition
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Term
| The wobble of Earth's axis |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of objects in space |
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Definition
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Term
| The distance that light travels in one Earth year |
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Definition
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Term
| The measurement used by scientists to describe distances in the universe |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 9.5 trillion km or 6 trillion miles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The disturbances that transmit energy from one point to another by causing periodic motions |
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Definition
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Term
| The phenomenon that explains why the pitch of a noise changes as the noise passes by, or why the color of a light source becomes bluer or redder as it moves |
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Definition
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Term
| The phenomenon of a light source becoming redder as it moves away from you |
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Definition
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Term
| The phenomenon of a light source becoming bluer as it moves toward you |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that all galaxies are moving away from each other in every direction |
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Definition
| Expanding Universe Theory |
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Term
| A cataclysmic explosion that began the expansion of the universe and therefore marked the beginning of space and time |
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Definition
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Term
| Sticking together, in terms of atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Formation of new nuclei by fusion reactions before any stars existed |
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Definition
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Term
| A turbulent sea of wandering electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| Atoms in which negatively charged electrons orbit a positively charged nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A spinning disk-shaped mass of gas caused by rotation of the condensing portion of the nebula |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| An object created when the central ball of an accretion disk becomes hot enough to glow |
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Definition
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Term
| The object created by the violet explosion of a star |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of forming naturally occurring elements during the life cycle of a star |
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Definition
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Term
| The stream of atoms emitted from a star during its lifetime |
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Definition
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Term
| A large, spherical solid object orbiting a star |
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Definition
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Term
| A celestial body that orbits the sun, has a nearly spherical shape and has cleared its neighborhood of other objects |
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Definition
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Term
| An object locked in orbit around a planet |
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Definition
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Term
| Relatively small chunks of rock and/or metal |
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Definition
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Term
| Relatively small blocks of the solid version of materials that could be gaseous under Earth's surface conditions orbiting the sun |
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Definition
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Term
| Millions of icy objects that occupy the region between the orbit of Neptune and a distance ten times the radius of Neptune's orbit |
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Definition
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Term
| The technical term for Pluto and Eris |
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Definition
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Term
| The four inner planets that consist of a shell of rock surrounding a core of iron alloy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. A Nebula forms
2. An Accretion Disk forms
3. Fusion Reactions begin and the disk becomes a Sun
4. Planetesimals are formed
5. A Planet forms
6. The Planet is reshaped into a Sphere
7. A small Planet collides with Earth forming a ring around it
8. The Moon forms
9. The Atmosphere develops |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars |
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Term
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Definition
| Jovian or Gas-Giant Planets |
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Term
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Definition
| Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Materials that could exist as gas at Earth's surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Materials that melt only at high temperatures |
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Definition
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Term
| An accretion disk that contains the raw materials from which planets form |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which smaller pieces of matter clump and bind together to form larger pieces |
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Definition
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Term
| Bodies whose diameter exceed about 1 km and exert enough gravity to attract and pull in other objects that are nearby |
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Definition
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Term
| Bodies almost the size of today's planets that succeeded in the competition to attract mass, thereby becoming the only inhabitants of their orbits |
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Definition
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Term
| The stellar wind of the sun |
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Definition
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Term
| The concept that planets grew out of rings of gas, dust, and ice surrounding a newborn star |
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Definition
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Term
| The elliptical plane traced out by a planet's orbit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The process of denser iron alloy sinking to the center and the lighter rocky materials remaining in a shell surrounding the center of a body whose temperature rose sufficiently to cause melting |
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Definition
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Term
| Solid objects falling from space that land on a planet |
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Definition
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Term
| Elements that spontaneously transform to form other elements by the releasing of one or more subatomic particles from the nucleus or by the splitting of the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| The time period in which the heliocentric model gained popularity |
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Definition
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Term
| The first atoms of the universe |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of space whose diameter is more than 200 times that of the earth's orbit and where the few atoms present came from the solar wind |
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Definition
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Term
| Has a north pole and a south pole |
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Definition
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Term
| The region inside the magnetic shield |
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Definition
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Term
| Protects the earth from lethal radiation from solar wind |
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Definition
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Term
| Consist of solar wind particles as well as cosmic rays that were moving so fast they were able to penetrate the weaker outer part of the magnetic field and were then trapped by the stronger magnetic field closer to the earth |
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Definition
| Van Allen Radiation Belts |
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Term
| Nuclei of atoms emitted from supernova explosions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of nitrogen in earth's atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of oxygen in earth's atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of push that the air exerts on material beneath it |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1.04 Kilograms Per Square Centimeter |
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Term
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Definition
| 14.7 Pounds Per Square Inch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Oceans, lakes and streams |
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Definition
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Term
| Water that fills cracks and holes in rock or sediment underground |
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Definition
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Term
| Geologists' term for groundwater plus surface water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Highest dry land on earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A graph plotting surface elevation on the vertical axis and the percentage of the earth's surface on the horizontal axis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The submerged margins of continents |
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Definition
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Term
| The four elements that make up most of earth's mass |
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Definition
| Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium |
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Term
| Seven categories of earth materials |
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Definition
| Organic Chemicals, Minerals, Glasses, Rocks, Metals, Melts, Volatiles |
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Term
| Carbon containing compounds that either occur in living organisms or have characteristics that resemble those of molecules in living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Oil, protein, plastic, fat, rubber |
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Definition
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Term
| A solid substance in which atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern |
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Definition
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Term
| Grown by either freezing of a liquid or precipitation out of a water solution |
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Definition
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Term
| Occurs when atoms that had been dissolved in water come together and form a solid |
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Definition
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Term
| A single coherent sample of a mineral that grew to its present shape and has smooth flat faces |
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Definition
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Term
| An irregularly shaped sample or a fragment derived from a once larger crystal or group of crystals |
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Definition
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Term
| A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern |
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Definition
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Term
| Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Three main groups of rocks |
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Definition
| Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic |
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Term
| Develops when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution |
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Definition
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Term
| An accumulation of loose mineral grains that have not stuck together |
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Definition
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Term
| Created when preexisting rocks undergo changes |
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Definition
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Term
| Solids composed of metal atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Solids whose outer electrons are able to flow freely |
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Definition
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Term
| Iron, aluminum, copper, tin |
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Definition
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Term
| A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom |
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Definition
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Term
| Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid |
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Definition
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Term
| Molten rock beneath the earth's surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Molten rock that has flowed out onto the earth's surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at earth's surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals in the earth containing silica mixed in varying proportions with other elements |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks composed of silicate materials |
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Definition
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Term
| Four classes of igneous silicate rocks |
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Definition
| Felsic or Silicic, Intermediate, Mafic, Ultramafic |
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Term
| A felsic rock with large grains |
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Definition
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Term
| A mafic rock with small grains |
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Definition
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Term
| A mafic rock with large grains |
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Definition
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Term
| An ultramafic rock with large grains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The very dense center of earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The rise and fall of earth's surface in response to the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun |
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Definition
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Term
| Three principal layers of earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Composed of rocks such as granite, basalt, and gabbro |
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Definition
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Term
| The not so dense outermost layer of earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Denser and solid layer of earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest and of an object in motion to remain in motion |
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Definition
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Term
| Ground shaking due to the sudden breaking of rocks in the earth |
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Definition
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Term
| A fracture on which earthquake sliding occurs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rate of change in temperature with depth |
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Definition
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Term
| Chunks of rock and or metal alloy that fell from space and landed on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The crust and mantle boundary |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oceanic Crust, Continental Crust |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Areas where continents have stretched and thinned to become only 25km thick |
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Definition
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Term
| Any object from space that enters the earth's atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| A streak of bright glowing gas |
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Definition
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Term
| Objects that strike the earth |
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Definition
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Term
| A meteoroid that explodes in a brilliant fireball |
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Definition
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Term
| The occurrence of a large number of meteors during a short time |
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Definition
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Term
| Three basic classes of meteorites |
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Definition
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Term
| Meteorite made of iron nickel alloy |
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Definition
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Term
| Meteorite made of silicate rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Meteorite made of rock embedded in a matrix of metal |
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Definition
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Term
| A subcategory of stony meteorites containing carbon and small pea sized balls called chondrules |
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Definition
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Term
| The most abundant element in the crust |
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Definition
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Term
| Tiny open spaces in the crust |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists entirely of peridotite |
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Definition
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Term
| Two sublayers of the mantle |
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Definition
| Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| From 660km down to 2900km |
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Definition
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Term
| The bottom part of the upper mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| Melted part of the mantle that causes seismic waves to slow down |
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Definition
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Term
| Iron mixed with smaller amounts of other elements |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Between 2900km and 5155km deep |
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Definition
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Term
| From 5155km down to the earth's center at 6371km |
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Definition
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Term
| Composed of liquid iron alloy |
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Definition
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Term
| Composed of solid iron nickel alloy |
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Definition
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Term
| Materials which can bend but cannot flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Materials which are relatively soft and can flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Outer layer of earth that consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| The portion of the mantle within the lithosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| The portion of the mantle in which rock can flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of The Origin of the Continents and Oceans |
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Definition
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Term
| Proposed the idea of continental drift |
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Definition
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Term
| The time since the formation of the earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The most recent supercontinent |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that Pangaea fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart moving slowly to their present positions |
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Definition
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Term
| Proposed that continents drift apart because of sea floor spreading |
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Definition
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Term
| Described the sea floor spreading in an essay of geopoetry |
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Definition
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Term
| Described and labeled sea floor spreading |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of continents drifting apart because of new ocean floor forming between them |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of ocean floor eventually sinking back into the mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| Outer relatively rigid shell of earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of about twenty distinct plates that move relative to each other |
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Definition
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Term
| The theory that the earth's lithosphere consists of about twenty distinct plates that move relative to each other as sea floor spreading and subduction slowly take place |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Grand unifying theory of geology that successfully explains a great many geologic phenomena and features |
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Definition
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Term
| Fixed in position throughout geologic time |
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Definition
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Term
| The interval of geologic time that lasted from 251 to 65 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Era in which Pangaea broke up to form the continents we know today |
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Definition
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Term
| Pebbles, boulders, sand, silt and mud |
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Definition
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Term
| Scratches caused by glaciers |
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Definition
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Term
| Indicate the direction in which the ice flowed |
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Definition
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Term
| A mixture of mud, sand, pebbles, and larger rocks that collects on the ground to create a distinctive layer |
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Definition
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Term
| Times during the earth's history in which glaciers covered large areas of continents |
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Definition
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Term
| The interval of geologic time between 542 and 251 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| Four types of evidence Wegener used to back up the theory of continental drift |
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Definition
1. Fits of the Continents
2. Locations of Past Glaciations
3. Distribution of Equatorial Climatic Belts
4. Distribution of Fossils |
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Term
| Transforms from deeply buried deposits of plant material |
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Definition
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Term
| An environment in which sand dunes form and salt from evaporating seawater or salt lake accumulates |
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Definition
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Term
| An early Mesozoic land dwelling reptile that lived in both southern South America and southern Africa |
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Definition
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Term
| A species of seed fern that flourished in regions that now constitute South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia |
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Definition
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Term
| A land dwelling reptile that wandered through present day Africa, India and Antarctica |
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Definition
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Term
| The interval of geologic time between earth's formation and 542 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| a freshwater reptile that inhabited portions of what is now South America and Africa |
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Definition
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Term
| Four types of fossils that confirm Wegener's theory |
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Definition
| Cynognathus, Glossopteris, Lystrosaurus, Mesosaurus |
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Term
| A highly respected British geologist who argued that huge convection cells existed inside the earth, slowly transporting hot rock from the deep interior up to the surface |
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Definition
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Term
| A phenomenon that influenced proving continental drift and set the stage for the proposal of sea floor spreading |
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Definition
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Term
| A record of the earth's magnetic field at known times in the past |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of a rock to produce a magnetic field |
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Definition
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Term
| The change of the position of the earth's magnetic field |
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Definition
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Term
| The progressive change in the pole position over time |
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Definition
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Term
| The change over time in the apparent position of the earth's magnetic poles relative to a continent |
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Definition
| Apparent Polar Wander Path |
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Term
| The shape of the sea floor surface |
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Definition
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Term
| The world's first oceanographic research vessel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Permitted maps showing variations in the depth of the sea floor to be made |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Works on the same principle that a bat uses to navigate and find insects |
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Definition
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Term
| The cross section showing depth of the sea floor plotted against location |
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Definition
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Term
| Four important features of the ocean floor |
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Definition
| Midocean Ridges, Deep Ocean Trenches, Seamount Chains, Fracture Zones |
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Term
| Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level |
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Definition
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Term
| The two provinces beneath all major oceans |
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Definition
| Abyssal Plains, Midocean Ridges |
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Term
| The broad, relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The crest of the midocean ridge |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cliffs on midocean ridges |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A narrow valley that runs along the ridge axis |
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Definition
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Term
| Localities where the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Elongate troughs on the ocean floor |
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Definition
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Term
| Curving chains of active volcanoes |
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Definition
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Term
| Isolated submarine mountains |
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Definition
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Term
| Narrow bands of vertical fractures that dice up the ocean floor |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lie roughly at right angles to midocean ridges effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two types of rocks common on continents |
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Definition
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Term
| Two rocks contained in oceanic crust |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The rate at which heat rises from the earth's interior up through the floor of the ocean |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Define locations where rocks break and move |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The process of new sea floor moving away from the ridge |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The variations of the strength of the earth's magnetic fields in ocean basins |
|
Definition
| Marine Magnetic Anomalies |
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|
Term
| The imaginary arrow inside the earth that points from one pole to the other |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sudden reversals of the earth's polarity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Times when the earth's field flips from normal to reversed polarity |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An instrument that measures the strength of earth's magnetic field |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The difference between the expected strength of the earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measured strength of the magnetic field at that location |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A place where the field strength is stronger than expected |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A place where the field strength is weaker than expected |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which end of a magnet points north and which end points south |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A technique that permits geologists to define the age of a rock in years by measuring the rate of decay of radioactive elements |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The history of magnetic reversals |
|
Definition
| Magnetic Reversal Chronology |
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|
Term
| The time intervals between magnetic reversals |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The four youngest polarity chrons |
|
Definition
| Brunhes, Matuyama, Gauss, Gilbert |
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Term
| Shorter reversals that lasted less than 200,000 years |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Three geologists who discovered a solution to the question of why marine magnetic anomalies exist |
|
Definition
| Fred Vine, Drummond Matthews, Lawrence Morley |
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|
Term
| The rate of sea floor spreading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate at which the crust moves away from a midoceanic ridge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ridge that is not as rough and jagged as the Midatlantic Ridge |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A drilling ship that set out to sail around the ocean drilling holes into the sea floor to bring up cores of rock or sediment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An influential historian of science who argued that scientific thought evolves in fits and starts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abrupt changes in thought in which the scientific community scraps old hypotheses and formulates others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Established the paradigm that natural phenomena obey physical laws |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Proposed that species evolve by natural selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The theory that the lithosphere consists of separate pieces that move with respect to each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two men who proposed the idea of sea floor spreading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplied proof of sea floor spreading |
|
Definition
| Marine Magnetic Anomalies |
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|
Term
| Consists of the crust plus the uppermost coolest part of the mantle that behaves rigidly and somewhat elastically and does not undergo convection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a force pushes or pulls an object, it does not flow overall, but rather bends and flexes or breaks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The layer the lithosphere floats on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relatively plastic layer composed of warmer mantle that can flow when acted on by force and undergoes convection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distinct Pieces of the lithosphere separated by breaks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The breaks in the lithosphere that separate plates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The boundary between a continent and an ocean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continental margins that are plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continental margins that are not plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A broad shallow region at the surface of the sediment layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cracking, sliding, bending, stretching and squashing of plates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The result of plates and therefore the continents that form that part of the plate moving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upward force acting on an object immersed or floating in a liquid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first person to understand buoyancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vibrations caused by shock waves that are generated where rock breaks and suddenly shears along a fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fracture on which sliding occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The focus of an earthquake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spot where the fault begins to slip |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marks the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the position of plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions away from the plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of plate boundaries |
|
Definition
| Divergent Boundary, Convergent Boundary, Transform Boundary |
|
|
Term
| A boundary at which two plates move apart from one another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Commonly called a midocean ridge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vertical fault in which slip parallels the earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A submarine mountain range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extends from the waters between northern Greenland and northern Scandinavia southward across the equator to the latitude opposite the southern tip of South America |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaks that link short segments of a ridge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A coarse grained mafic igneous rock formed along the side of a magma chamber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basalt blobs formed by lava that cools after it spills out of small submarine volcanoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A research submarine that has observed submarine volcanoes and black smokers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chimneys spewing hot mineralized water that rose through cracks in the sea floor after being heated by magma below the surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oldest ocean floor on our planet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stretching force applied to newly formed solid crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaks new crust resulting in the formation of faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cliffs that parallel ridge axes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One oceanic plate bending and sinking down into the asthenosphere beneath another plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subduction zones or consuming boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Downgoing or overriding plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The belt of earthquakes in a downgoing plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A portion of the pacific ocean floor that borders the South American plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clay and plankton that settle on the surface of the downgoing plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A wedge shaped mass that is formed from scraped up and incorporated sediment and sand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chain of volcanoes that develops behind the accretionary prism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chain of volcanic islands formed where one oceanic plate subducts beneath other oceanic plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small ocean basin between an island arc and the continent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narrow belts of broken and irregular sea floor that links the ends of short segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ridge segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Introduced the term transform fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proposed the idea of the hot spot track model |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defines part of the plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Places where three plate boundaries intersect at a point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The idea that has been accepted for over thirty years to explain what causes hotspots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A volcano that has been erupting or has erupted relatively recently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A volcano that has died and will never erupt again |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A succession of extinct volcanoes along a line that parallels the plate movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suggested the idea of a mantle plume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oldest island in Hawaii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural steam and hot water fountains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A valley covered with the products of volcanic eruptions in the past and includes Yellowstone National Park |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of new divergent boundaries forming when a continent splits and separates into two continents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of a convergent boundary ceasing to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere moves into the subduction zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elliptical flow paths of convecting asthenosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two forces that strongly influence individual plate motion |
|
Definition
| Ridge Push Force, Slab Pull Force |
|
|
Term
| Develops because midocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the oceans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent margin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The force that resists sliding on a surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describing the movement of plate A with respect to plate B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describing the movement of two plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Global Positioning System |
|
|
Term
| A glassy green pea sized prized gem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gem quality version of olivine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Derived from a Latin word meaning white |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comes from German words meaning split at right angles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common olive colored mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral named for Benjamin Silliman |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral first identified in Illinois |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral containing chromium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A German physician who began the true scientific study of minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Author of De Re Metallica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Danish monk who discovered important geometric characteristics of minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People who specialize in the study of minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Georgius Agricola, Nicolas Steno |
|
|
Term
| Proposed that xrays could be used to study the internal structure of minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is comparable to the distance between atoms in a mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Father and son team that published the first xray study of a mineral for which they won a Nobel Prize in physics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Instrument used to obtain actual images of the internal structure of minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Building blocks of our planet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serve as the raw materials for manufacturing chemicals, concrete and wallboard |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The source of valuable metals such as copper and gold and provide energy resources such as uranium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delight the eye as jewelry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To a geologist, a metallic compound formed by geological processes that has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition and is generally inorganic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To a nutritionist, a naturally occurring solid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Materials that have characteristics virtually identical to those of real minerals but are synthesized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A state of matter that can maintain its shape indefinitely and thus will not conform to the shape of its container |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Six criteria of labeling a mineral |
|
Definition
1. Naturally Occurring
2. Solid
3. Formed by Geologic Processes
4. Definable Chemical Composition
5. Orderly Arrangement of Atoms
6. Inorganic |
|
|
Term
| Processes that occur naturally in or on earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals formed as a byproduct of living organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Means you can write a chemical formula for a mineral |
|
Definition
| Definable Chemical Composition |
|
|
Term
| Two minerals that consist entirely of carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral that consists of silicon and oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral that can contain magnesium, iron or both in varying proportions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pure substance that cannot be separated into other elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of orbiting electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made up of protons and neutrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleus contains only one proton and no neutrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An atom that contains the same number of electrons as protons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of protons in an atom of an element |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The approximate number of protons plus neutrons in an atom of an element |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An atom that is not neutral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ion that has an excess negative charge because it has more electrons than protons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ion that has an excess positive charge because it has more protons than electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An attractive force that holds two or more atoms together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms when atoms share electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Form when a cation and an anion get close together and attract each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bond in which some electrons can move freely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two or more atoms bonded together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest piece of a compound that retains the characteristics of the compound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pure substance that can be subdivided into two or more elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A general name used for a pure substance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A shorthand recipe that itemizes the various elements in a chemical and specifies their relative proportions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process that involves the breaking or forming of chemical bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A combination of two or more elements or compounds that can be separated without a chemical reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of material in which one chemical dissolves in another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chemical that dissolves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To become completely incorporated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chemical a solute dissolves into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A compound that forms when ions in a liquid solution join together to create a solid that settles out of the solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of forming solid grains by separation and setting from a solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The imaginary framework representing the arrangement of atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules containing carbon hydrogen bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small clusters or chains that are neither oriented in the same way nor spaced at regular intervals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single continuous piece of a crystalline solid bounded by crystal faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flat surfaces that bind a crystal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The way in which atoms are packed together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five types of bonds that chemists recognize |
|
Definition
| Covalent, Ionic, Metallic, van der Waals, Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| Atoms stick to each other by sharing electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atoms either add electrons or lose electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two different minerals that have the same composition but have different crystal structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The orderly arrangement of atoms inside a crystal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defined by the regular spacing of atoms in a crystal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outward shape of crystals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five ways new mineral crystals can form |
|
Definition
1. Solidification of a Melt
2. Precipitation from a Solution
3. Solid State Diffusion
4. Biomineralization
5. Fumerolic Mineralization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A microscope using light that passes through lenses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A set of waves moving in a given direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distance between the adjacent crests or troughs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phenomenon of a set of curving waves propagating outward from an opening whose width is comparable to the wavelength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Result of crests from one point overlapping crests from another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Result of crests from one point opening overlapping crests from another trough |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission Electron Microscope |
|
|
Term
| When atoms' molecules or ions dissolved in water bond together and separate out of the water |
|
Definition
| Precipitation from a Solution |
|
|
Term
| The movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when living organisms cause minerals to precipitate either within or on their bodies or immediately adjacent to their bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of forming minerals directly from a vapor that occurs around volcanic vents or geysers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An extremely small crystal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of dissolved ions per unit volume of solution becomes so great that they can get close enough to each other to bond together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mineral lined cavity in rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mineral whose growth in uninhibited so that it displays well formed crystal faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals without well formed crystal faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heating a mineral to a temperature at which thermal vibration of the atoms or ions in the lattice can break the chemical bonds holding them to the lattice causing the atoms or ions to separate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when you immerse a mineral in a solvent causing atoms or ions to separate from the crystal face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual and material characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results from the way a mineral interacts with light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflect the presence of tiny amounts of impurities in a mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May produce a reddish or purple tint in minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May produce a pinkish tint in minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals that look like metal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals that do not look like metal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scratching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure to being broken |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A list that contains some minerals in order of their relative hardness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Listed some minerals in order of their relative hardness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Represents the density of a mineral as specified by the ration between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the shape of a single crystal with well formed crystal faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the character of an aggregate of many well formed crystals that grew together as a group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crystals that are roughly the same length in all directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crystals that are much longer in one dimension than in others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crystals shaped like sheets of paper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crystals shaped like knife blades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of needle like crystals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of plates oriented in different directions resembling a rose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The breaking of a mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specimens that break easily along cleavage planes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specimens that break on cleavage planes but may also break on other surfaces as well |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Materials that break either by forming irregular fracture or by forming conchoidal fracture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smoothly curving clamshell shaped surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin parallel corrugations or stripes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Established that most minerals can be classified by specifying the principal anion within the mineral |
|
Definition
| Baron Jons Jacob Berzelius |
|
|
Term
| The class that constitutes most of the rock in the earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An anionic group composed of a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron |
|
Definition
| Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron |
|
|
Term
| A pyramid like shape with four triangular faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consist of metal cations bonded to oxygen anions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals that contain relatively high proportion of metal atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulverized gypsum mixed with water that can be spread out in thin sheets that harden when they dry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consist of pure masses of a single metal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mass of native gold that has been broken out of a rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compose over 95% of the continental crust and therefore the most common minerals on earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure of silicate minerals in the mantle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The five major groups silicate is divided into |
|
Definition
| Independent Tetrahedra, Single Chains, Double Chains, Sheet Silicates, Framework Silicates |
|
|
Term
| A silicate group in which the tetrahedra are independent and do not share any oxygen atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Silicate group which garnet and olivine belong to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A silicate group in which the tetrahedra link to form a chain by sharing two oxygen atoms each |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common of the many different types of single chain silicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of black or dark green minerals that occur in elongate crystals with two cleavage directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A silicate group in which the tetrahedra link to form a double chain by sharing two or three oxygen atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common type of double chain silicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Black or dark brown elongate crystals with two cleavage directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A silicate group in which the tetrahedra all share three oxygen atoms and therefore link to form two dimensional sheets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of sheet silicate including muscovite and biotite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light brown or clear mica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A silicate group in which each tetrahedron shares all four oxygen atoms with its neighbors forming a 3D structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Silicate group which includes feldspar and quart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two most common types of feldspar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White, gray, or blue feldspar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pink feldspar also called potassium feldspar or kfeldspar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substitutes for silicon in the feldspars' tetrahedra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| French trader who obtained the Hope Diamond in India and brought it back to France to sell it to King Louis XIV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A British banker who purchased the Hope Diamond and named it after himself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The famous New York jeweler who donated the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mineral that has special value because it is rare and people consider it beautiful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particularly rare and expensive stones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Less rare and less expensive stones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Topaz, tourmaline, aquamarine, garnet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Form in living oysters when the oyster extracts calcium and carbonate ions from water and precipitates them around an impurity embedded in its body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Artificially introducing round sand grains into oysters in order to simulate round pearl production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of fossilized tree sap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specks of other minerals and or bubbles within minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clean, clear, large, unfractured crystals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A special version of the common mineral corundum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A special version of the common mineral beryl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The way a stone bends and internally reflects light passing through it and disperses the light into a spectrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results from burning plants at the surface of the earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms from the remains of plants buried to depths up to 15km |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Develops from coal or other organic matter buried to great depths in the crust during mountain building |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A special kind of igneous rock caused by magma with diamond in it cooling and solidifying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carrot shaped bodies that house kimberlite magma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock chemically reacting with water and air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cracks or specks of other materials in diamonds that prevents them from being used in jewelry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diamonds that are gray in color or have imperfections that are used as abrasives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A unit that measure gemstone weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specifies the purity of gold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particularly coarse grained igneous rock formed by the solidification of a steamy melt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground and polished surfaces of a gem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stones whose facets have been made with a faceting machine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A device on a faceting machine that holds a stone in a specific orientation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rotating disk covered with a wet paste of grinding powder and water on a faceting machine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The progressive transformation of earth materials from one rock type to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first person to visualize and describe the rock cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the Greek word for circle or wheel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A series of interrelated events or steps that occur in succession and can be repeated perhaps indefinitely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Events happen according to a time table but the materials involved do not necessarily change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cycle that involves the transfer or movement of materials to different parts of the earth system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms where melt rises from depth and cools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms where magma cools underground |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms where lava and ash erupt at the surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in the solid state of preexisting rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to heat released by an intrusion of magma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs where tectonic processes cause rocks from the surface to be buried very deeply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vent at which melt from inside the earth spews onto the planet's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melt from inside the earth spews onto the planet's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melt that has reached the earth's surface during an eruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melt that flows down the mountainside as a viscous red yellow stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made by the freezing of a melt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the latin word meaning fire |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melt that exists below the earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melt that has erupted from a volcano at the surface of the earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock made by the freezing of magma underground after it has pushed its way into preexisting rock of the crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock that forms by the freezing of lava above ground after it spills out onto the surface of earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formed when streams or mounds of lava solidify on the surface of the earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms when an explosion blasts a fine spray of lava into the air that instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fine particles of glass formed by a fine spray of lava instantly freezing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ash that billows up into the atmosphere and eventually drifts down from the sky |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ash that rushes down the side of the volcano in a scalding avalanche |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A slurry of mud and debris that oozes down the mountain like wet concrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melting as a result of a decrease in pressure while the temperature remains unchanged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs where hot mantle rock rises to shallower depths in the earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A curving line on a graph that represents the variation in temperature with depth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elements or molecules that evaporate easily and can exist in gaseous forms at the earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melting due to addition of volatiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The line defining the range of temperatures and pressures at which a rock starts to melt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basalt containing volatiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three causes of melting and magma formation |
|
Definition
| Decompression, Addition of Volatiles, Heat Transfer from Rising Magma |
|
|
Term
| The rate of increase in temperature expressed in degrees per km |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Represents the conditions of pressure and temperature at which mantle rock begins to melt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Represents conditions at which all solid disappears and only melt remains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melting that results from the transfer of heat from a hotter material to a cooler one |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two elements that bond to form the silicon oxygen tetrahedron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The percentage of the magma's weight that consists of a given component |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A combination of a cation with oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains about 66% to 77% silica and forms felsic minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains about 52% to 66% silica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains about 45% to 52% silica and produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals with a relatively high proportion of MgO and FeO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains 38% to 45% silica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Links up to form long chainlike molecules whose presence slows down flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process during which only part of a rock melts to form a magma that then moves away |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms if there is enough melt to keep the remaining crystals suspended in the melt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Takes place when rocks fall into the magma and then partially melt or when heat from the magma partially melts the walls of the chamber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of incorporating chemicals derived from the wall rocks of the chamber as magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process in which magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma |
|
Definition
| Fractional Crystallization |
|
|
Term
| A geologist who began a series of laboratory experiments designed to determine the sequence in which silicate materials crystallize from a melt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process during which a melt undergoes a sudden cooling to form a solid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A material with a crystalline structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sequence of mineral producing reactions that take place in a cooling magma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to a reaction sequence in which each step yields a different class of silicate mineral |
|
Definition
| Discontinuous Reaction Series |
|
|
Term
| Refers to the reaction series in which the steps yield different versions of the same mineral |
|
Definition
| Continuous Reaction Series |
|
|
Term
| Determines how fast magmas or lavas move |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ash and debris that billows into the sky |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The preexisting rock into which magma intrudes |
|
Definition
| Country Rock or Wall Rock |
|
|
Term
| The boundary between wall rock and an intrusive rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Planar intrusions of roughly uniform thickness |
|
Definition
| Tabular Intrusions or Sheet Intrusions |
|
|
Term
| A nearly vertical wall like intrusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nearly horizontal tabletop shaped tabular intrusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large sill that makes up the cliff along the western bank of the Hudson River opposite New York City |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A blister shaped intrusion caused by intrusions doming upwards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Irregular or blob shaped intrusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immense masses of igneous rock composed of numerous plutons in a region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lightbulb shaped blob of magma that pierced overlying rock and pushed it aside as it rose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process during which magma assimilates wall rock and blocks of wall rock break and sink into the magma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A stoped block that does not melt entirely but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Greek word meaning foreign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three factors that control the cooling time of magma that intrudes below the surface |
|
Definition
| Depth of Intrusion, Shape and Size of a Magma Body, Presence of Circulating Groundwater |
|
|
Term
| Three types of rock texture |
|
Definition
| Glassy, Interlocking, Fragmental |
|
|
Term
| Rocks with glassy texture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies and fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks with interlocking texture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks made of a solid mass of glass or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of crystalline igneous rock |
|
Definition
| Phaneritic, Aphanitic, Porphyritic |
|
|
Term
| Coarse grained crystalline igneous rock with crystals large enough to be identified with the naked eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fine grained crystalline igneous rock with crystals too small to be identified with the naked eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crystalline igneous rock with larger crystals surrounded by a mass of fine crystals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The larger crystals in porphyritic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mass of finer crystals in porphyritic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks that consist of igneous fragments that are packed together, welded together, or cemented together after having solidified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rocks with fragmental texture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crystalline igneous rock that is very coarse grained and contains crystals up to tens of centimeters across and occurs in tabular intrusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tabular intrusions that contain pegmatite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open holes formed when a rock freezes with a high concentration of gas bubbles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A preserved bubble in rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four different kinds of glassy rock |
|
Definition
| Obsidian, Tachylite, Pumice, Scoria |
|
|
Term
| A mass of solid felsic gas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bubble free mass consisting of more than 80% mafic gas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A glassy felsic volcanic rock that contains abundant small vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A glassy mafic volcanic rock that contains abundant vesicles that are larger than vesicles in pumice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Form when a flow shatters into pieces during its movement and then the pieces weld together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fragmental rocks composed of debris that has been blasted out of a volcano or thrown out in a fountain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signifies composed of grains that were already solid when they stuck together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock made of volcanic debris that moved and was redeposited before becoming rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of pyroclastic rock |
|
Definition
| Tuff, Volcanic Breccia, Hyaloclastite |
|
|
Term
| A fine grained pyroclastic igneous rock composed of volcanic ash and or fragmented lava and pumice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tuff that settles from air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tuff that forms by the welding together of hot shards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of larger fragments of volcanic debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formed from lava that erupts under water or ice and cools so quickly that it shatters into glassy fragments that then weld or cement together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four settings of igneous activity |
|
Definition
| Volcanic Arcs Bordering Deep Trenches, Isolated Hot Spots, Within Continental Rifts, Along Midocean Ridges |
|
|
Term
| Long curving chains of subaerial volcanoes adjacent to the deep ocean trenches that mark convergent plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arcs that fringe the edge of a continent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arcs that form oceanic islands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geologists' name for the Pacific Rim because of the volcanic arcs that border the margin of the Pacific Ocean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isolated volcanoes that are independent of plate boundary interactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active hot spot volcanoes occurring at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ontong Java Oceanic Plateau |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huge volumes of igneous rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than do normal plumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most famous active rift |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particularly hot basaltic lava that erupts and has such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pile of pillows made of sea floor basalt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An island in the Mediterranean Sea of the western coast of Italy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mixture of various gases, fine ash, and very tiny liquid droplets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Either an erupting vent through which molten rock reaches the earth's surface or a mountain built from the products of eruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three products of a volcanic eruption |
|
Definition
| Lava Flows, Pyroclastic Debris, Gas |
|
|
Term
| Molten rock that has extruded onto the earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moving masses of molten lava or sheets of rock formed when lava solidifies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Silicic, Felsic, Rhyolitic |
|
|
Term
| Two types of lavas with intermediate silica content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of lava with low silica content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lava with very low viscosity when it first emerges from a volcano because it contains relatively little silica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An insulated tunnel like conduit through which lava moves within a flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flows with warm, pasty surfaces that wrinkle into smooth, glassy rope like ridges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flows in which the surface layer freezes then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath yielding a rubbly flow of sharp, angular fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The type of fracturing in which lava flows contract and fracture into roughly hexagonal columns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lava with a higher silica content and greater viscosity than basaltic lava |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mass of splintery glassy volcanic fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most viscous of all lavas because it is the most silicic and the coolest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dome like mass of rhyolitic lava |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tiny glass shards of frozen lava that powerfully exploded into the air in a spray |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The finest pyroclastic debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of powder sized glass shards and pulverized rock generated during explosions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All fragmental material erupted from a volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes pyroclastic debris and fragments of preexisting rock that break up and become dispersed during an eruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pea to plum sized fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lapilli composed of scoria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lapilli that forms while flying through the air yielding teardrop shaped glassy beads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin strands of lava that freeze into filaments of brown glass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms when a volcano erupts ash into rain or snow causing the ash to clump together into small balls as it falls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apple to refrigerator sized fragments of coarser pyroclastic debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chunks of preexisting igneous rock torn form the walls of a vent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Form when large lava blobs enter the air in a molten state and then solidify |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bombs and lapilli that accumulate around or within the volcanic vent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ash or ash mixed with lapilli transformed into coherent rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains that have been erupted from a volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An avalanche of hot ash and lapilli that rush down the flank of a volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| French name for pyroclastic flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semicoherent bodies of tephra and other volcaniclastic debris that slips downslope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chaotic mobile slurry formed from rain and melting snow or ice mixed with debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particularly wet debris flows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accumulations of volcaniclastic debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very tiny liquid droplets or solid particles that can remain suspended in air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An open space or a zone of highly fractured rock that can contain a large quantity of magma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vertical crack that acts as a conduit for a volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A circular depression at the top of a mound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eruptions that happen in the summit crater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by a secondary conduit or fissure breaking through along the sides or flanks of the volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A big circular depression with steep walls and a fairly flat floor in the center of the volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by new magma flowing into the magma chamber and pushing up the floor of the caldera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consist of cone shaped piles of tephra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large and cone shaped volcanoes that consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra |
|
Definition
| Stratovolcanoes or Composite Volcanoes |
|
|
Term
| The character of an eruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two eruptive styles of volcanoes |
|
Definition
| Effusive Eruptions, Explosive Pyroclastic Eruptions |
|
|
Term
| Carries ash up through the entire troposphere and into the stratosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyroclastic eruptions involving the reaction of water with magma |
|
Definition
| Phreatomagmatic Eruptions |
|
|
Term
| Two notable historic cases of destruction from volcanic arc volcanoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two well known examples of hotspot volcanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sheets of low viscosity lava that spreads out over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abrupt floods of water and volcaniclastic debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Danger spots of carbon dioxide that collect in depressions and gullies along the flanks of volcanoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The average time between successive volcanic eruptions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volcanoes that are erupting, have erupted recently, or are likely to erupt soon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volcanoes that have not erupted for 10,000 years but do have the potential to erupt again in the near future |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volcanoes that were active in the past but have shut off entirely and will never erupt in the future |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four changes that geologists can measure to predict impending volcanic activity |
|
Definition
| Earthquake Activity, Changes in Heat Flow, Changes in Shape, Increases in Gas Emission and Steam |
|
|
Term
| The most reliable indicator of an impending eruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of heat passing through rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A technique that uses radar beams from satellites to measure distance to detect changes in a volcano's shape as magma rises |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maps that delineate areas that lie in the path of potential lava flows, lahars, debris flows, or pyroclastic flows |
|
Definition
| Volcanic Hazard Assessment Map |
|
|
Term
| The first scientist ever to suggest a link between eruptions and climate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The broad darker ares of the moon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After that Latin word for seas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest known mountain in the solar system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of loose fragments of rocks or minerals broken off bedrock, mineral crystals that precipitate directly out of water, and shells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formed when organisms extract ion from water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sediment that is loose and not connected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock that forms at or near the surface of the earth by the precipitation of minerals from water solutions, by the growth of skeletal material in organisms, or by the cementing together of shell fragments or of loose grains derived from preexisting rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cover on older igneous and metamorphic rock that makes up the basement of the crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Veneer in places where igneous and metamorphic rocks crop out at the earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions with veneer that is several kilometers thick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock eventually transforming it into sediment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of weathering geologists differentiate between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaks intact rock into unconnected grains or chunks collectively called debris or detritus |
|
Definition
| Physical or Mechanical Weathering |
|
|
Term
| Six types of grain in order from biggest to smallest |
|
Definition
| Boulders, Cobbles, Pebbles, Sand, Silt, Mud |
|
|
Term
| Three types of coarse grained sediment |
|
Definition
| Boulders, Cobbles, Pebbles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of fine grained sediment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Six different phenomena that contribute to physical weathering |
|
Definition
| Jointing, Frost Wedging, Root Wedging, Salt Wedging, Thermal Expansion, Animal Attack |
|
|
Term
| Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large granite plutons that split into onion like sheets along joints that lie parallel to the mountain face |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Rock rubble at the base of a slope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of roots growing into joints that can push those joints open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of dissolved salt in groundwater growing as crystals in open pore spaces and pushing apart the surrounding grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A layer of rotten rock produced by chemical weathering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four common reactions involved in chemical weathering |
|
Definition
| Dissolution, Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Hydration |
|
|
Term
| Chemical weathering during which minerals dissolve into water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of rock composed of calcite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of water chemically reacting with minerals to break them down |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of clay produced when the potassium feldspar in granite reacts with acidic water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reaction during which an element loses electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals causing these minerals to expand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of different rocks in an outcrop undergoing weathering at different rates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Created when weak layers weather away beneath a more resistant layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A metamorphic rock composed of calcite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more technical name for dirt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms directly from underlying bedrock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The region in which rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The region in which new minerals and clay collect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Texture and composition of soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vertical sequence of horizons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The highest horizon consisting of almost entirely organic matter and containing barely any mineral matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Undecomposed leaves and twigs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic material that has been decomposed by the action of insects, microbes and fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second horizon in which humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constitutes dark gray to blackish brown topsoil and the fertile portion of soil that farmers till for planting crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three horizons that make up the zone of leaching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The horizon that makes up the zone of accumulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fifth horizon which consists of material derived from the substrate that has been chemically weathered and broken apart but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Six soil forming factors that cause diversity in the makeup of soil |
|
Definition
1. Climate
2. Substrate Composition
3. Slope Steepness
4. Drainage
5. Time
6. Vegetation Type |
|
|
Term
| The dept underground below which pores are filled with water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflects the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay sized grains in the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the degree to which soil grains clump together to form peds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lumps or clods of soil grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic Poor and Calcite Rich Soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soil that forms in temperate climates from a substrate that contains aluminum and iron and has well defined horizons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soil that forms in arid climates and tends to be thin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A solid mass created when a calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B Horizon and may cement the soil together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season and the soil dries during the dry season |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A soil classification scheme that distinguishes among twelve major orders of soil based on both physical characteristics and environment of formation |
|
Definition
| The U.S. Comprehensive Soil Classification System |
|
|
Term
| A soil that forms in arid climates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains very little organic matter and commonly contains caliche |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A soil that develops in moist forests, has well developed horizons, and contains abundant nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three practices that remove the cover of vegetation that protects soil |
|
Definition
| Agriculture, Overgrazing, Clear Cutting |
|
|
Term
| The removal of soil by running water or by wind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four types of sedimentary rocks |
|
Definition
| Clastic, Biochemical, Organic, Chemical |
|
|
Term
| Consist of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks |
|
Definition
| Clastic Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made of the shells of organisms |
|
Definition
| Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
Term
| Consist of carbon rich relicts of plants |
|
Definition
| Organic Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
Term
| Made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions |
|
Definition
| Chemical Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
Term
| Three kinds of sedimentary rocks distinguished on the basis of their predominant mineral composition |
|
Definition
| Siliceous, Argillaceous, Carbonate |
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary rock containing quartz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary rock containing clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary rock containing calcite or dolomite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solid grains stuck together to form a solid mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five steps of transforming loose grains of sediment into clastic sedimentary rock |
|
Definition
1. Weathering
2. Erosion
3. Transportation
4. Deposition
5. Lithification |
|
|
Term
| The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of pressure caused by the overburden squeezing out water and air that had been trapped between clasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mixture of clay and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of binding together compacted sediment to make coherent sedimentary rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of minerals that precipitate from groundwater and partially or completely fill the spaces between clasts to attach each grain to its neighbors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five characteristics of rocks |
|
Definition
1. Clast Size
2. Clast Composition
3. Angularity and Sphericity
4. Sorting
5. Character of Cement |
|
|
Term
| The diameter of clasts making up a rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An informal term for wet clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The makeup of clasts in sedimentary rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chips of fine grained rock that may be mixed in with sand grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indicates the degree to which grains have smooth or angular corners and edges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the degree to which a clast is equidemensional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indicates the degree to which the clasts in a rock are all the same size or include a variety of sizes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important basis for clastic rock classification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rock resulting from angular fragments with sharp edges cementing together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Burial and lithification of rounded clasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock formed from buried and lithified quartz and feldspar grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock formed from buried and lithified quartz grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions of flat areas of accumulated clay and silt that border a stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A wedge of sediment that accumulates in the sea at the mouth of a river |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of rock formed from lithified mud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms either from debris flows or in glacial settings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slurries consisting of mud mixed with larger clasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree to which a sediment has evolved from being just a crushed up version of the original rock to a sediment that has lost its easily weathered components and has become well sorted and rounde |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The solid material in shells turning into sediments |
|
Definition
| Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
Term
| Rocks formed from materials and containing organic chemicals and pure carbon derived from organic chemicals |
|
Definition
| Organic Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
Term
| Clams, oysters and snails |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of carbonate rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any rock composed of calcite regardless of origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of limestone that precipitates directly out of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very tiny grains of calcite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fossiliferous, Micrite, Chalk |
|
|
Term
| Limestone consisting of identifiable shells and shell fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of plankton shells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock made from cryptocrystalline quartz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quartz grains that are too small to be seen without the extreme magnification of an electron microscope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A black combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fine grained clastic rock containing the organic precursor of oil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock formed primarily by the precipitation of minerals out of water |
|
Definition
| Chemical Sedimentary Rock |
|
|
Term
| Salt deposits that form as a consequence of evaporation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitations out of groundwater that has seeped out at the ground surface or on the walls of caves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When some of the carbon dioxide has been dissolved in the groundwater bubbles out of solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beautiful and complex growth forms of travertine that builds up in cave settings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains the mineral dolomite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formed when the cryptocrystalline quartz gradually replaced calcite crystals within a body of limestone long after the limestone was deposited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chert that is made when silica rich sediment buries a forest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A term used to describe the layering of sedimentary rock, surface features on layers formed during depression, and the arrangement of grains within layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The boundary between two beds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The overall arrangement of sediment into a sequence of beds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A geologist who specializes in studying strata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of the record of earth history preserved in strata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of worms, clams, and other creatures churning sediment and leaving behind burrows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sequence of strata that is distinctive enough to be traced across a fairly large region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fascinating sedimentary structures at the interface between the sediment and the fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A special type of lamination within beds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relatively small, elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of current flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Downstream side of slopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Look just like ripples but they are much larger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distinct internal laminations that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The face of the downstream side of the bedform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The boundary between two successive layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moving submarine suspension of sediment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An apron formed by graded beds at the mouth of a canyon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sequence of strata caused by successive turbidity currents depositing successive graded beds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of bed surface markings |
|
Definition
| Mud Cracks, Scour Marks, Fossils |
|
|
Term
| The openings between hexagonal plates formed as mud layers dry up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small troughs scoured out by current flows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The conditions in which sediment was deposited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Environments formed on dry land |
|
Definition
| Terrestrial Sedimentary Environments |
|
|
Term
| Environments formed along coasts and under the waters of the ocean |
|
Definition
| Marine Sedimentary Environments |
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary beds that develop a reddish color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsorted and unstratified clasts ranging from clay size to boulder size all mixed together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large wedge shaped apron created by streams depositing loads of sediment right at the mountain front |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studied small deltas that formed where mountain streams emptied into lakes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three components of deltas discovered by Gilbert |
|
Definition
1. Topset Beds
2. Foreset Beds
3. Bottomset Beds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sediment filled depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four kinds of sedimentary basins |
|
Definition
1. Rift Basins
2. Passive Margin Basins
3. Intracontinental Basins
4. Foreland Basins |
|
|
Term
| Basins that form in continental rifts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions where the lithosphere has been stretched |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basins that form along the edges of continents that are not plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basins that develop in the interiors of continents initially because of thermal subsidence over an unsuccessful rift |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basins that form on the continent side of a mountain belt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of the coast migrating inland as the sea level rises |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of the coast migrating seaward as the sea level falls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A succession of strata deposited during a cycle of transgression and regression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All the physical, chemical and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock once the rock has formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of the faces of grains dissolving where they are squeezed against neighboring grains due to the weight of overburden |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Greek for beyond or change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rock that forms from a protolith |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A preexisting rock that undergoes mineralogical and textural changes in response to modification of its physical or chemical environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of forming metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The grains in the rock have grown in place and interlock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New minerals that only grow under metamorphic temperatures and pressures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of minerals produced by metamorphism |
|
Definition
| Metamorphic Mineral Assemblage |
|
|
Term
| Defined by the parallel alignment of platy minerals and or the presence of alternating light colored and dark colored layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five most common processes forming metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
| Recrystallization, Phase Change, Metamorphic Reaction, Pressure Solution, Plastic Deformation |
|
|
Term
| Changes the shape and size of grains without changing the identity of the mineral constituting the grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transforms a grain of one mineral into a grain of another mineral with the same composition but a different crystal structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results in the growth of new minerals crystals that differ from those of the protolith |
|
Definition
| Metamorphic Reaction or Neocrystallization |
|
|
Term
| Minerals that are digested during metamorphic reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New minerals produced during metamorphic reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Happens when a rock is squeezed more strongly in one direction than in others at relatively low pressures and temperatures in the presence of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Happens at elevated temperatures and pressures permitting some minerals to behave like soft plastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four causes of metamorphism |
|
Definition
1. Heating
2. Pressure
3. Heating and Pressure
4. Hydrothermal Fluids |
|
|
Term
| Structure of minerals with relatively large spaces between atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A graph with temperature indicated by one axis and pressure indicated by the other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A state in which a material is squeezed unequally from different sides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two kinds of differential stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pushes or pulls perpendicular to a surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A push in normal stress that flattens a material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pull in normal stress that stretches a material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moves one part of a material sideways relative to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platy grains lying parallel to each other and elongate grains align in the same direction |
|
Definition
| Preferred Mineral Orientation |
|
|
Term
| Grains in which the length of the grain is not the same in all directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grains that have roughly the same dimensions in all directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hot water, steam and supercritical fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance that forms under high temperatures and pressures and has characteristics of both liquid and gas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluids that are able to react chemically with rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which a rock's chemical composition changes because of a reaction with hydrothermal fluids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mineral filled crack that cuts across preexisting rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narrow arms of the sea formed from long valleys when glaciers melted causing sea level to rise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two fundamental classes of metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The repetition of planar surfaces or layers in a metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Six of the most common types of foliated metamorphic rocks |
|
Definition
| Slate, Phyllite, Flattened Clast Conglomerate, Schist, Gneiss, Migmatite |
|
|
Term
| The finest grained foliated metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms by the metamorphism of shale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sedimentary rock consisting of clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fine grained metamorphic rock with a foliation caused by the preferred orientation of very fine grained white mica and chlorite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms by the metamorphism of slate at a temperature high enough to cause neocrystallization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flaky dough in Greek pastry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A silky sheen caused by the parallelism of translucent fine grained mica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medium to coarse grained metamorphic rock that possesses schistosity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of foliation defined by the preferred orientation of large mica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Especially large crystals that grow in a metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A compositionally layered metamorphic rock typically composed of alternating dark colored and light colored layers or lenses that range in thickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process that involves dissolution of minerals in some layers, migration of the chemical components of those minerals to other layers, where new minerals may grow |
|
Definition
| Metamorphic Differentiation |
|
|
Term
| Minerals left behind when the felsic melt seeped out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mixture of igneous and relict metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four common rock types that commonly occur without foliation |
|
Definition
| Hornfels, Amphibolite, Quartzite, Marble |
|
|
Term
| Rock that undergoes metamorphism because of heating in the absence of differential stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dark colored metamorphic rock containing predominantly hornblende and plagioclase and biotite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms by the metamorphism of quartz sandstone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rock yielded by the metamorphism of limestone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four terms differentiating compositions of metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
1. Pelitic Metamorphic Rock
2. Basic Metamorphic Rock
3. Calcareous Metamorphic Rock
4. Quartzo Feldspathic Metamorphic Rock |
|
|
Term
| Forms from sedimentary protoliths containing relatively high proportions of aluminum |
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Definition
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Term
| Contain relatively little silica and an abundance of iron and magnesium |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms from calcium rich sedimentary rocks and contains calcite |
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Definition
| Calcareous Metamorphic Rock |
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Term
| Form from protoliths that contained mostly quartz and feldspar |
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Definition
| Quartzo Feldspathic Metamorphic Rock |
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Term
| The intensity of metamorphism |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount or degree of metamorphic change |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphic rocks that form under relatively low temperatures |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks that metamorphose under relatively high temperatures |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphic rocks that form under temperatures between the two extremes |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of metamorphic mineral assemblages indicative of a certain range of pressure and temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks containing a class of minerals called zeolite |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks containing a green flaky mineral called chlorite |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks containing a type of amphibole called hornblende |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks containing a bluish amphibole called glaucophane |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism that occurs while temperature and pressure progressively increase |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism that takes place when temperatures and pressures progressively decrease |
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Definition
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Term
| Pressure temperature times path for a rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals in a rock that can indicate the approximate metamorphic grade of the rock |
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Definition
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Term
| The line on a map along which an index mineral first appears |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The regions between two isograds |
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Definition
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Term
| The distinct belt of metamorphic rock that forms around an igneous intrusion |
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Definition
| Metamorphic Aureole or Contact Aureole |
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Term
| Local metamorphism caused by igneous intrusion that develops in response to heat without a change in pressure and without differential stress and adjacent to an intrusion |
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Definition
| Thermal Metamorphism or Contact Metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism due only to the consequences of very deep burial |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of the minerals in rocks recrystallizing because of shearing alone |
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Definition
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Term
| The rock resulting from dynamic metamorphism |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism involving heat and also shearing and squashing |
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Definition
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Term
| Dynothermal metamorphism that affects a large region |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism caused by fluid rising up through the crust near a ridge |
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Definition
| Hydrothermal Metamorphism |
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Term
| A phase change caused by the extreme pressure of the shock wave causing the crystal structure of quartz grains in rocks below the impact site so suddenly |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which overlying rock is removed and deeper rock rises |
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Definition
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Term
| The older portion of a continent where extensive areas of Precambrian rock crop out at the ground surface because overlying younger rock has eroded away |
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Definition
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Term
| Contain the oldest rocks on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of the range starting to collapse under its own weight because of melting |
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Definition
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Term
| Processes by which rocks change shape, tilt, or break in response to squeezing, stretching, or shearing |
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Definition
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Term
| Four types of geologic structures |
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Definition
1. Joints
2. Faults
3. Folds
4. Foliation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fractures along which one body of rock slides past another |
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Definition
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Term
| Bends or wrinkles in rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| Layering resulting from the alignment of mineral grains or the development of compositional bends |
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Definition
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Term
| Three names for linear ranges of mountains |
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Definition
1. Mountain Belts
2. Orogenic Belts
3. Orogens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A mountain building event |
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Definition
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Term
| Rock that contains no geologic structures other than a few joints |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in location in deformation |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in orientation in deformation |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in shape in deformation |
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Definition
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Term
| The change in shape that is caused by deformation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of permanent strain |
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Definition
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Term
| When a material breaks into two or more pieces |
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Definition
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Term
| When a material changes shape without breaking |
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Definition
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Term
| A flat surface parallel to sea level |
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Definition
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Term
| A flat surface perpendicular to sea level |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle between an imaginary horizontal line on the plane and the direction to true north |
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Definition
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Term
| An imaginary horizontal line on a plane |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle of the plane's slop |
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Definition
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Term
| An imaginary line parallel to the steepest slope on a plane |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of protractor that measures slope angles |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle between a line and horizontal in the vertical plane that contains a line |
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Definition
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Term
| The compass heading of line |
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Definition
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Term
| Four characteristics that determine the behavior or rock |
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Definition
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Deformation Rate
4. Composition |
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Term
| A depth of about 10 to 15 kilometers that rocks behave brittlely above and ductilely below |
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Definition
| Brittle Ductile Transition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The force applied per unit area of the plane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Stress that develops when a rock is squeezed |
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Definition
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Term
| Stress that develops when a rock is pulled apart |
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Definition
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Term
| Stress that develops when one side of a rock body moves sideways past the other side |
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Definition
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Term
| A special stress condition in which the same push acts on all sides of an object |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The change in shape of a rock |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Two categories of joints in rocks |
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Definition
| Systematic, Nonsystematic |
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Term
| Long planar cracks that occur fairly regularly through a rock body |
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Definition
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Term
| Short cracks that occur in a range of orientations and are randomly spaced |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of systematic joints |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| People who study the geologic characteristics of construction sites |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A fracture on which sliding occurs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Faults in which sliding has been occurring in recent geologic times |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Faults in which sliding ceased millions of years ago |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Faults that have a slope at an angle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The rock above the fault plane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The rock below a fault plane |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. Dip
2. Strick
3. Oblique |
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Term
| Faults in which sliding occurs up or down the slope of the fault |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Faults in which one block slides past another |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Faults in which one sliding occurs diagonally on the fault plane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two types of dip slip faults |
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Definition
| Thrust or Reverse, Normal |
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Term
| Faults in which the hanging wall block moves up the slope of the fault |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Faults in which the hanging wall block moves down the slope of the fault |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two types of strike slip faults |
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Definition
| Left Lateral and Right Lateral |
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|
Term
| Fault in which the block slipped to the left |
|
Definition
| Left Lateral Strike Slip Fault |
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|
Term
| Fault in which the block slipped to the right |
|
Definition
| Right Lateral Strike Slip Fault |
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|
Term
| The amount of offset of a fault |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Folds resulting from layers of rock cut by a fault undergoing folding, during, or just before slip |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A step on the ground surface made by displacement on a dip slip or oblique slip fault |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The lien of intersection between the fault and the ground surface |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Shattered rock consisting of visible angular fragments |
|
Definition
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