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| Out of all the Earth's water, what percent is ocean water? |
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| Percentage of Earth's water of glaciers? |
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| Percentage of Earth's water of "everything else?" |
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0.6% groundwater (irrigation)
0.4% surface water (human resources) |
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| percentage of Earth material(rock, sediment); "space between material;" allows water space. |
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| gravel and sand(20-40%), silt(35-55%), clay(50-70%). |
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| sandstone and limestone(10-30%), granite and mudrock(0-5%). |
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| ability of Earth material to transmit water; permeable, key in water production; higher the better=easier flow; connectedness of pore spaces. |
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| High hydrolic conductivity? |
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| gravel, sand, sandstone, limestone |
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| Low hydrolic conductivity? |
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| silt, clay, granite, mudrock |
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| unsaturated zone, saturated zone, water table. |
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| water and air in pore spaces; partially saturated; NOT groundwater but plants use it. |
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| all water in pore spaces; groundwater. |
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| separates the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone. |
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| hard to transmit water; low hydrolic conductivity materials. |
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| unit that stores/transmits water; high hydrolic conductivity materials. Two types: unconfined and confined |
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| closest to the surface; the top is the water table; "drinking from a straw" results in water decreasing. |
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| found between confining beds; "squeezing a sponge, water drop by drop." more consistent with water extraction. |
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| found in unconfined aquifers. |
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| well found in confined aquifers; high in pressure; water shoots up based on pressure. |
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| Ruston-Sparta aquifer (600-800ft deep). Confining units:cook mountain and cane river. |
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| produced by low hydrolic conductivity layer in unsaturated zone; mini aquifer. |
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| based on location of stream bed. Below water table is gaining stream and above the water table is losing stream. |
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| water that replenishes the groundwater system. Usually rainfall(only 5-10% infiltrates ground). |
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| forms when the water table intersects the ground surface. |
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| depletion, subsidence, contamination, salt water intrusion. |
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| results when amount of pumping is greater than the amount of recharge. |
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| forms in confined/unconfined aquifers; lowering of water table at the pumping of a well. |
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| lowering of land surface; water holds grains apart and keeps pores open. EX. sand, gravel...Leaning Tower of Pisa, San Wakim Valley. |
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| pollution from agriculture, gasoline,septic tanks, etc. |
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| coastal regions that use groundwater; wells break into salt water from ocean and mixes with fresh water. EX. Florida |
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| interaction of groundwater and limestone; caves and sinkholes. |
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| form just below water table, water drains,then continues to drip in slowly, reacts with cave air and forms cave formations. |
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| cave formations;EX. stalacite, stalagmite, limestone columns. |
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| "sinking" ground above a cave or cavern; ground collapses into the cave; usually circular. EX. Winter Park, Florida. |
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| wood that has been turned to stone. Fallen trees become buried under Earth materials, silica(dissolved quartz) in groundwater flows through the tree. |
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| hot springs, geysers, geothermal energy. |
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| when water is hotter than body temperature; temperatures vary; EX. Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone. |
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| subset of hot springs; pressure from hot water underground causes water to erupt. |
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| heat and electricity produced by using the internal heat of the Earth; clean energy, not as cost effective, Iceland. |
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| magma(ex. Yellowstone) and geothermal gradient: increase of Earth's temperature with depth (ex. Hot Springs, Arkansas). |
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| highly populated; 60% of US population. |
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| part of the continent that extends into the water. Three parts: shelf, slope, and rise. |
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| maximum water depth is 500 m (1500 ft), broad, and relatively flat surface; near shoreline. |
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| maximum water depth is 4 km (13,000 ft). Not very steep and extends from the shelf. |
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| maximum water depth 4.5 km (13,500 ft). Almost completely flat; extends to deep ocean floor/abyssal plane. |
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| canyons on outer edge of shelf. |
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| cloudy mass of sediments and rushing water. |
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| accumulation of deposited sediments under water; aka turbidities; gradient beds. |
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| wind blowing across the water causes friction that results in waves; move in circular motion;higher waves by shoreline. |
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| strength of wind and fetch: distance that wind blows over open water. |
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| distance between successive waves; top of wave; wave length. |
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| distance between waves; crest to crest or trough to trough. |
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| vertical distance between wave and trough. |
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| the bending of waves as they reach the shore; Two types: headland and embayment. Shoreline eventually straightens. |
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| erosion; close to water; high energy; "crest" |
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| depostion; low energy; "troughs" |
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| the moving flow of water in a stream; well-defined. Two types: longshore and rip. |
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| narrow current between surf zone and shoreline; moves parallel to the beach. |
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| strong, localized seaward flow of water perpendicular to the beach. |
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| bedrock (sea cliff) rises directly from the sea; high erosion from wave activity; |
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| arch of land protruding into the sea and connected to mainland. |
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| isolated tower of land offshore that is remnants of the sea cliff. |
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| hooked, curved sandbar; beach stretches out into open water. |
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| sandspit that grows across the opening of a bay. |
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| offshore sand bar that rises above the mean high-water, level forming an island. |
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| Contemporary sea level changes (global warming) and beach destruction. |
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| concrete or stone wall built perpendicular to shoreline in order to prevent beach drift from removing sand. |
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| man-made wall that protects the entrance to a harbor; built on side of river to keep channel open. |
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| offshore wall built parallel or at an angle to the beach, that prevents the full force of the waves from reaching a harbor. |
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