Term
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Definition
| the theory that the solar system formed from the condensing and accumulation of mass in a nebula (a cloud of gas and dust) |
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Term
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Definition
| the sun in its initial stages |
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Term
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Definition
small, solid object in
space representing first stage in
accretion within the solar nebula |
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Term
| formation of inner planets |
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Definition
| gravitational pull/push directed embryos into different orbits which caused them to collided together to form inner planets |
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Term
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Definition
| planetary embryo turns to vaporized debris which is then pulled together to make the moon |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth was partly or mostly molten |
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Term
| hypothesis on formation of atmosphere and hydrosphere |
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Definition
| comets and meteors delivered water to the planet; water-bearing planetary embryos collided with the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| seismic waves on Earth's surface that decreases in intensity with depth |
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Term
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Definition
| extracted from the mantle by partial melting and crystallization; divergent boundaries |
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Term
| formation of continental crust |
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Definition
| subduction zones and mantle plumes |
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Term
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Definition
| seimic body wave that displaces material in the same direction that the wave is moving which causes alternating squeezing and stretching of the material as the wave passes; travel through any material |
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Term
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Definition
| seismic body waves that displace material at right angles to the direction of wave motion; only travels through solids |
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Term
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Definition
| waves bounce off a boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| bending of a wave caused by a change in wave velocity |
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Term
| what are the layers of the Earth? |
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Definition
| crust, mantle, liquid outer core, iron innor core |
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Term
| 4 most common components of the Earth |
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Definition
| iron, oxygen, silicon, & magnesium |
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Term
| basic properties of the Earth |
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Definition
| shape, size, mass, density |
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Term
| What is plate tectonic theory? |
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Definition
| the theory that the Earth's lithosphere is not seamlessly continuous but is broken into discrete pieces that move slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the Earth's interior that is moving |
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Term
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Definition
| plates colliding compressing the lithosphere and causing subduction one one plate beneath the other |
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Term
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Definition
| plates move apart from each other and new lithosphere forms |
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Term
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Definition
| plates slide against one another which neither creation nor destruction of lithosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of intense volcanic activity not explained by plate tectonics; from where asthenospehere rises beneath lithospheric plates |
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Term
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Definition
| name of super continent when all the continents were connected |
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Term
| continental drift hypothesis |
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Definition
| Alfred Wegener's hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together from which they drifted to their current position |
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Term
| Mineral composition (small to large) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ionic bonds: attraction between positive and negative ions
covalent bonds:strongest*;atoms share electrons
metallic bonds:electrons roam among several atoms
van der Waals: weakest*; |
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Term
| physical properties of minerals |
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Definition
| streak, cleavage vs fracture, hardness, magnetic, reactive |
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Term
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Definition
contain silicon and oxygen bonded in SiO4; primary rock forming mineral in the crust
Example: Quartz |
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Term
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Definition
| melted silicate minerals or liquid rock in the Earth's interior |
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Term
| plutonic vs volcanic rocks |
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Definition
volcanic rocks: solidify at surface (extrusive)
plutonic: solidify beneath surface (intrusive) |
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Term
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Definition
cinder cone:
shield:
composite:
dome complex: |
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Term
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Definition
Volcanic Earthquakes
Directed Blast
Tephra
Volcanic Gases
Lava Flows
Debris Avalanches, Landslides, and Tsunamis
Pyroclastic Surge
Pyroclastic Flows
Lahars |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that the type of igneous rocks that form from magma solidification depends on the temperature of crystallization and the chemical composition of the originating magma |
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Term
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Definition
| aphanic, porphyric, phaneric, pegmate |
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Term
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Definition
| due to stress from squeezing, stretching, compression, and elongation |
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Term
| folds, horst and graben, faults |
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Definition
folds:
horst: block of crust displaced upward along
graben: block of crust displaced downwards
faults: a fracture plane along which rock or regolith is displaced |
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Term
| primary hazards of Earthquakes |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary hazards of Earthquakes |
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Definition
Building Collapse
Fires
Landslides
Liquifaction
Seiches
Tsunami |
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Term
| How is Earthquake magnitude measured? |
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Definition
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Term
| relationship between magnitude and amount of energy released |
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Definition
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Term
| processes associated with the rock cycle |
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Definition
| melting, crystallization, weathering, transportation, deposition, precipitation, lithification, metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| disaggregation of rocks by mechanical means |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolution of some minerals and formation of new minerals and dissolved ions as a result of water and oxygen reacting with the mineral |
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Term
| Differences in weather based on rock type (granite vs. gabbro) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of transforming loose sediment into sedimentary rock by compaction and cementation |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in volume caused by partial or complete elimination of pore space between sediment usually caused by the weight of overlying sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| the filling of pore spaces with precipitated minerals to produce an interlocking framework with clastic sediment grains; step in lithifaction |
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Term
| Clastic sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| texture describing particles formed by weathering of preexisting rocks |
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Term
| Chemical sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| dissolved ions that move away in solution |
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Term
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Definition
bedding (stratification)
mud cracks
cross-beds
grated beds |
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Term
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Definition
| igneous, sedimentary, metaphoric |
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Term
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Definition
| organic remains preserved in rocks; show ancient pasts |
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Term
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Definition
| change rocks; show the past |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of planetary formation and growth by the gradual accumulation of small objects to make larger ones |
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Term
| formation of outer planets |
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Definition
| solar winds blew light weight gas molecules out of the nebula except where gravity was strong (the outer planets) |
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