Term
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Definition
| The theory that everything that has happened in the past is still happening |
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Term
| When was Royal Society of London founded? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of science |
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Definition
-Science is relative
-Not agnostic
-Its developed through contradiction and debate
-No directionality |
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Term
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Definition
-Physics
-Chemistry
-Biology
-Earth Sciences |
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Term
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Definition
| A study of the earth/earth's bodies, and how the earth functions |
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Term
| Sub disiplines of Geology |
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Definition
-Crystallography
-Mineralogy
-Petrology
-Sedimentology
-Paleontology
-Stratigraphy
-Structural geology
-Geochemistry
-Geochronology
-Tectonics
-Geophysics
-Geomorphology |
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Term
| What is our galaxy called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arms of milky way galaxy and arm which we live in: |
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Definition
| We live in Cygnus-Orion, and arms are Perseus, Cygnus-Orion, Sagittarius, and Centaurus. |
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Term
| What sort of "shift" do galaxies that are moving away/towards earth display? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrations of interstellar gas and dust. A nebular is regarded as the typical example of the birthplace of stars |
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Term
| Stars consist of what? They have an energy source that is what? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen and Helium. Their energy source is Gravitational Contraction. |
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Term
| 3 Characteristics of a star |
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Definition
-Star radiates energy due to the continuous thermonuclear reactions at its interior.
-The thermonuclear reactions combine atoms of hydrogen to form helium
-The lifecycle of a star depends on how long its hydrogen reserve lasts |
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Term
| Something is considered a planet when... |
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Definition
- In orbit around the sun
- Has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (round shape)
- Has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit |
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Term
| 3 Different types of planets |
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Definition
-Terrestrial Planets
-Jovian Planets
-Icy Planets |
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Term
| Characteristics of Terrestrial Planets |
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Definition
-small sized
-rocky surface
-have a thin atmosphere
-are closest to the sun |
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Term
| Characteristics of Jovian planets |
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Definition
-large in size
-gaseous in appearance
-surrounded by thick atmosphere
-have a ring |
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Term
| Characteristics of icy planets |
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Definition
-small sized
-most distant from sun
-surface covered with thick layer of ice |
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Term
| Characteristics of the moon |
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Definition
-The only natural satellite of the earth
-One of the largest moons in the solar system
-Surface of moon has highlands (terrae) and lowlands (marae) |
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Term
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Definition
| A huge number of small celestial bodies much smaller in size than the nine planets gravitating around the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| Celestial bodies consisting mostly of frozen gases |
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Term
| What gases do comets consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fragments of rocks from the interplanetary space which entered in collision with a planet. The source for these rock fragments can be in the asteroid collisions in the interplanetary space of the solar system |
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Term
| What are the three subdivisions of meteorites? |
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Definition
-Chondrites
-Iron
-Stony-Iron |
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Term
| The two subdivisions of the earth's interior are made according to: |
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Definition
-Chemical composition
-Physical properties |
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Term
| The 5 subdivisions of the earths interior are: |
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Definition
1. Lisosphere
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Outer core
5. Inner core |
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Term
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Definition
| Any naturally forming chemical substance having a definite chemical composition and a characteristic crystal structure. Minerals can also not be broken into different mineral substances |
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Term
| Characteristics of minerals |
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Definition
-Naturally Occurring
-Defined, but not fixed composition
-They are a homogeneous solid (cannot be physically broken into new compounds)
-Have a ordered atomic arrangement |
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Term
| The 2 types of bonds in mineral structure |
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Definition
-Ionic bond
-Covalent bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamental units of matter organization that have regular repeating architecture reflecting packing atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest piece of a crystal for which a pattern of them makes up a crystal |
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Term
| Difference between a diamond crystal structure and that of graphite? |
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Definition
| -The way its structured, the structure of it is just different which makes it a lot harder |
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Term
| The two categories crystals can be subdivided into are: |
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Definition
-Isometric (equally developed in three directions of space)
-Anisometric (elongated in one or two directions) |
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Term
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Definition
| When ions or atoms are in amorphous state |
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Term
| The 8 physical properties of a mineral are: |
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Definition
-color
-cleavage
-lustre
-crystal form
-habit
-alteration
-hardness
-twinning |
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Term
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Definition
| The property that refers to the force needed to scratch a mineral's surface |
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Term
| Silicate minerals make up how much of earth's crust? |
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Definition
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Term
| The major mineral groups are: |
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Definition
-Native elements
-Halides
-Oxides and hydroxides
-Sulfates
-Carbonates
-Silicates |
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Term
| What are "native elements"? |
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Definition
Consists of free, uncombined elements which are subdivided into three categories:
-Metals
-Semimetals
-Nonmetals |
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Term
| Examples of the subdivisions of native elements are: |
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Definition
Metals - Silver, Platinum
Semimetals - Arsen, Antimony
Non-metals - Sulfur, Carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| Minerals formed by a metallic element and sulfur. Sulfur can be replaced by tellurium or arsenic to result tellurides and arsenides respectively |
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Term
| What is an oxide? 2 examples? |
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Definition
| A compound where oxygen acts as the anion with a metallic element. Two examples are Magnetite, Ilmenite. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minerals in which the anion is represented by Carbonate (CO3). They occur in many environments but mostly in sedimentary ones |
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Term
| 2 examples of carbonates: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Some elements can replace each other if: |
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Definition
- they have the same valance
- the ionic radius of the two is within a range of 15%
- the substitution between the various ions can happen at a more of less extended scale |
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Term
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Definition
Form by crystallization from molten material or magma
-intrusive
-extrusive |
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Term
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Definition
Form by deposition of particles from pre-existing weathered and eroded rocks.
-Clastic
-Biochemical
-Chemical |
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Term
Magma vs Lava.
Why does chemical composition and temperature of magma change? |
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Definition
Magma is molten matter beneath earth's surface, lava is the molten matter once it reaches to the surface.
Chemical composition and temperature of magma change due to the interaction with the surrounding rocks and separation of various fractions in its composition |
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Term
| Nucleation depends on what? |
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Definition
-Magma/Lava chemical composition
-Temperature
-Cooling rate |
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Term
| The 4 different types of igneous rocks |
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Definition
- Phaneritic
- Aphanitic
- Glassy
- Fragmental |
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Term
| Characteristic of phaneritic |
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Definition
| -can be seen with unaided eye or magnifier, is also slow cooling |
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Term
| characteristics of aphanitic |
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Definition
| small sized crystals that cant be seen with unaided eye, rapid cooling (extrusive) |
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Term
| characteristics of glassy rock |
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Definition
| Indicates that the molten material crystallized very rapidly and there was no time for elements to arrange themselves into solid crystalline compounds (extrusive) |
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Term
| characteristic of fragmental |
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Definition
| consist of pyroclastic material ejected from a volcano that fall to earth as a rock |
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Term
| 3 phanritic rock textures |
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Definition
-granular
-porphyritic
-poikilitic |
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Term
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Definition
-olivine
-pyroxenes
-amphiboles
-biotite |
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Term
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Definition
-plagioclase feldspars
-muscovite
-quartz |
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Term
| 2 types of volcanic igneous rocks: |
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Definition
-lava flows
-pyroclastic flows |
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Term
| Examples of what lava flow makes vs pyroclastic flow |
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Definition
Lava flow: a vesicular texture (holes in rock) and pillow lava
Pyroclastic flow: Volcanic ash and tuff |
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Term
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Definition
-Explosive
-Eeffusive (lava flow) |
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Term
| Clastic sedimentary rock characterisitc |
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Definition
| they undergo weathering and erosion, transport, deposition and lithification to form a clastic sedimentary rock |
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Term
| Classification according to grain size |
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Definition
| at 0.0625mm it goes from mud to sand and at 2mm it goes from sand to gravel |
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Term
| What does maturity indicate? |
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Definition
the length of time that the sediment has been in the sedimentary cycle.
Describes the composition and texture of grains in clastic rocks |
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Term
| 3 different types of bedding |
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Definition
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Term
| Clastic sedimentary 3 categories: |
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Definition
-continental (non marine)
-transitional
-marine |
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Term
| Continental deposition 4 types: |
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Definition
alluvial
aeolian
fluvial
lacustrine |
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Term
| transitional deposition 4 types |
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Definition
deltaic
tidal
lagoonal
beach/barrier |
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Term
| Marine deposition 3 types |
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Definition
-shelf
-slope
-deep oceanic (abyssal plain) |
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Term
| how do chemical sedimentary rocks form |
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Definition
| through precipitation from a solution with high concentration ions(saturated with positive and negative charged atoms). These atoms are naturally attracted to each other and form ionic/covalent bonds as they crystallize into solid mineral crystals |
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Term
| 2 types of chemical sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| organic buildups that are not wave resistant are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Dominent biological components in the modern reef |
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Definition
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Term
| composition of limestone vs dolostone |
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Definition
limestone: calcite and aragonite
dolostone: dolomite |
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Term
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Definition
| the other type of sedimentary rock, it is made up of inorganic chemical sedimentary deposits. forms along aride coastlines |
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Term
| Metamorphic rock and how it works |
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Definition
forms from the transformation of the pre-existing rocks during the metamorphism.
transformation happens by:
-high temp
-high pressure
-oriented stress
-chemical reaction |
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Term
| what is geothermal gradient? |
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Definition
| rate at which the temp of earth increases by depth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chances of fossilization are higher in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the fossil is really really well preserved |
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Term
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Definition
| study of organism interaction in space and time, deals with footprints, burrows and borings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
taxonomy
evolution of life
biostatigraphy (time scale)
paleoecology (long term environmental change)
paelobiogeography (where earths plates used to be) |
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Term
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Definition
| species are no longer god created, they evolutionize etc |
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Term
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Definition
-lithostatigraphy
-biostatigraphy
-chronostatigrapy |
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Term
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Definition
- The oldest layers are on the bottom and the newest are on the top (principle of superposition)
- sediments are originally deposited in flat, horizontal layers (principle of original horizontality) |
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Term
| Principle of original continuity |
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Definition
| original layer is laterally continuos, but may in time be deformed or broken down by rivers etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps in geological record, normally when to different rocks from different times are together etc., This shows that there have been episodes of erosions and sea variations |
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Term
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Definition
| method of relative dating in geology |
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Term
| Eons from oldest to youngest |
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Definition
hadean (formation of earth)
archean (earliest life)
proterozoic (major tectonic events)
phanerozoic (where animals came in) |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of extinction happened, more than 60% of marine invertebrates died because of glaciation etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Formation of pangae
A bunch of animals and stuff became extinct (more than the ordovician period) |
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Term
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Definition
| the animal or whatever it is changes and adapts at a linear rate that is like a straight line |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in the animal or whatever it is, happens at a rate where it jumps up then normal, then jumps up again and then normal again etc.. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fossil which is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of patterns and causes of geographic distribution of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of relationships between modern geographical distribution and present and recent climatic and ecological factors |
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Term
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Definition
| A science that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals of former geological epochs |
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Term
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Definition
climatic zonation
ocean vs land
ecological zonation
plate tectonics and paleobiogeography |
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Term
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Definition
force - the push or pull that result in a change in the motion of a physical body of given mass
stress - the amount of force per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
uniform (pushing into the object in all directions)
tension (pulling away from up and lower direction/stretching object out)
compression (pushing in from up and down direction)
shear (pushing left from up and right from lower) |
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Term
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Definition
anticlines
synclines
monoclines |
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Term
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Definition
like a crack in the earth in upper part of continental and oceanic lithosphere
No displacement - Joint
Displacement - Fault |
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Term
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Definition
strike-slip
dip-slip
oblique-slip |
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Term
| what did Wegener propose? |
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Definition
that continents broke through the ocean crust
also that the earths spin caused the continents to move |
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Term
| What did Arthur Holmes do? |
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Definition
| first geologist to realize mechanical and thermal implications of mantle convection which led to acceptance of plate tectonics |
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Term
| Younger sediments location vs older sediments |
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Definition
youngest sediments found towards the central parts of oceans
older sediments are found on the proximity of the continental margins |
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Term
| 3 types of plate boundaries |
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Definition
divergent
convergent
transform |
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Term
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Definition
Opening - is a normal and then breaks apart
Closing - are apart and then close into one |
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Term
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Definition
| the Juan de Fuca dives beneath north america which produces a earthquake of great magnitude and the cascade mountain range |
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Term
| 2 prominent theories for the origin of life |
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Definition
Metabolism -life originated from a system of self-catalytic molecules capable of experiencing Darwinian evolution
Replication - life is based on the emergence of a self-replicating molecule (molecule that can copy itself, mutate and evolve more efficiently etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| a classification of a type of animal, including squids, octopus etc. |
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Term
| biggest difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| the eukaryotes have organelles and the prokaryotes dont, like a nucleus etc. Also they they are unicellular or multicellular and the prok's are only unicellular. |
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Term
| cyanobacteria are capable of what? |
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Definition
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