Term
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Definition
| The subset of geology responsible for the study of earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
A break in the rock across which movement occurs.
(When the focus expands, it breaks rock and creates a fault). |
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Term
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Definition
| When a rock breaks, the energy dissipates in all directions. It is that energy at the surface that we realize as an ______? |
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Term
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Definition
| type of energy wave which travels the fastest. |
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Term
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Definition
| How fast do primary waves travel? |
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Term
| A game of pool. One ball hits another, the energy is dispersed into the second ball, and the second ball takes off. |
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Definition
| What is a good example of the way energy from primary waves moves through the earth? |
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Term
| A park or golf course. Somewhere with few people who are all mobile. |
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Definition
| Best use for an area with high earthquake frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of motion that causes the most damage to infrastructure |
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Term
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Definition
| Plunging zone of earthquake activity |
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Term
| Chicken. Chickens know three days before an earthquake hits. |
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Definition
| Organism that predicts earthquakes the earliest |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause of over 2000 earthquakes in central United States |
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Term
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Definition
| Geologists who study earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| Position on surface directly above the break (or focus) |
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Term
Wood.
Because it snaps back into place rather than falling apart when exposed to differential motion. |
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Definition
| Safest material for houses in an earthquake zone (and why) |
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Term
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Definition
| The site of the first break in the rock |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of wave which causes the most physical damage |
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Term
| Fire from blown gas mains |
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Definition
| What caused the most damage in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake? |
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Term
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Definition
| Scale that measures the intensity of earthquakes relative to human structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| On the Mercali scale, at what level does damage start to occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the site of most deep focus earthquakes? |
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Term
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Definition
| A break in the rock across which there is NO movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass wasting event underneath the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| The kind of wave where particles move perpendicular to the direction of dispersal (picture a heart monitor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Travel slower than most primary waves, but not the slowest type. |
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Term
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Definition
| How fast do secondary waves travel? |
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Term
| Because the types of rock through which the waves move vary. Different materials let the waves travel at different speeds. |
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Definition
| Why is the speed of primary and secondary waves mentioned as a range? |
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Term
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Definition
| Paper trace of earth movement |
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Term
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Definition
| First consequences of a gas leak |
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Term
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Definition
| Earthquake scale which measures magnitude 100 km from the focus |
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Term
| Deep focus and shallow focus tell how deep the focus is relative to the surface. |
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Definition
| What makes an earthquake deep focus or shallow focus? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where would you expect to see shallow focus earthquakes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where would you expect to see deep focus earthquakes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in the shape of the rock in response to stress |
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Term
| Elastic zone (picture a bent pencil. It will go back to being straight--will not stay bent). |
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Definition
| On a graph, the area below the rupture zone, which defines earth materials that will return to their original shape |
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Term
| The plastic zone (picture a bent plastic pen. It will not go back to its original shape. It will stay bent). |
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Definition
| On a graph, the area above the rupture zone, which defines earth materials which will not return to their original shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth materials which can withstand stress without breaking are called _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| The zone where stress and strain cause materials to break or change shape... FOREVER. |
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Term
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Definition
| Materials that break easily under stress are _____. |
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Term
| Primary waves, secondary waves, and surface waves. |
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Definition
| Three different types of energy movement through the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| Slowest type of energy wave |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of wave that travels in a helix relative to the direction of dispersal (like a slinky) |
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Term
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Definition
| Device used to measure earthquakes |
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Term
| 1) something that moves when the earth moves (like a concrete block), 2) a component that doesn't move (like a metal drum) 3) something to record on 4) something to record with. |
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Definition
| 4 pieces required to make a seismometer |
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Term
| It removes the friction between its surface and the object on top of it. |
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Definition
| How does an air hockey table work? |
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Term
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Definition
| =distance of the earth movement from current position (on a seismograph) |
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Term
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Definition
| How many seismometers does it take to find the epicenter of a fault? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the range of the Mercali scale? |
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Term
| To normalize data so that one earthquake can be compared to another. |
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Definition
| Why does the Richter scale measure the magnitude of earth movement 100 km from the surface? |
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Term
| Richter scale is logarithmic, so each point is 10 times bigger than the previous point. 2^0 3^0 4^0 5^0 6^0 7^0 8^1 Count subsets backwards, 8 is 1,000,000 times bigger than a 2. |
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Definition
| On the Richter scale, how much bigger is an 8 than a 2? |
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Term
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Definition
| Earthquake scale that measures the speed of movement |
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Term
| Because he has to die first |
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Definition
| Why isn't the acceleration scale named after the person who came up with it? |
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Term
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Definition
| What caused the most damage during the World Series earthquake? |
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Term
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Definition
| The downslope movement of regolith in response to gravity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The stable angle of repose |
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Definition
| The maximum angle that sediments can stack without falling |
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Term
| Differential movement, Mass wasting events, Liquifaction and Tsunamis. |
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Definition
| Geologic hazards associated with earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| Deforms sediments that are saturated in water, caused by earthquakes |
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Term
Liquifaction.
Earthquakes moving through sand break grain to grain contact, water rushes in to fill the voids and causes the sediment to act as a liquid. |
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Definition
| A house built on sand sinks. What geologic hazard caused this? |
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Term
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Definition
| Large-scale open water wave |
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Term
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Definition
| Tsunamis can move how fast? |
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Term
| Because rather than the water moving, the energy is moving through it. |
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Definition
| How can tsunamis travel so fast? |
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Term
| No. We can tell if there is enough earth movement to potentially generate a tsunami, but if you announce that enough, people stop believing you. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water recedes so low so quickly that it hisses |
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Definition
| First warning sign of a tsunami |
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Term
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Definition
| How many waves are usually generated by a tsunami? |
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Term
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Definition
| A wave created by a mountain or huge rock falling into a body of water |
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Term
| Transform faults, subduction zones, continent-ridge collision, Isostatic rebound, incipient ridges, and load faults. |
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Definition
| Which plate tectonic mechanisms cause earthquakes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Only state not to have an earthquake in the last 100 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Where will the next truly large earthquake probably occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| Can geologists predict when earthquakes will occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest earthquake on the globe was a 9.6 that occurred where? |
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Term
| The subduction zone running down the side of South America. |
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Definition
| What caused the earthquake in Peru (largest measured in the world)? |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest measured earthquake in North America occurred where? |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest MEASURED earthquake in U.S. occurred where? |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest earthquake in the U.S. occurred where? |
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Term
| The damage it caused. The New Madrid earthquake caused a portion of the Mississippi to flow backward for 3 days to fill the hole it created. |
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Definition
| How do we know the New Madrid earthquake was bigger than the Anchorage earthquake if it happened before seismometers were invented? |
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Term
| A single story, singly family domicile made of wood (because wood rebounds). |
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Definition
| If you must build a structure in an earthquake zone, what should it be? |
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Term
| Gravitational Differentiation |
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Definition
| Heavy elements move to the center and light ones move to the outer surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen (O) makes up __% of the earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| Silicon makes up ___% of the earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| Aluminum (Al) makes up ___% of the earth's crust |
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Term
| Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), and Aluminum (Al) |
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Definition
| 82% of the earth's crust is made up of what 3 materials? |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally reoccurring solids with orderly 3 dimensional structure and a known composition. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| yellow--most common yellow mineral. |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiation, which absorbs all color and appears black. |
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Definition
| Black quartz is caused by what? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hardness scale that goes from 1-10, 10 being the hardest. |
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Term
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Definition
| What mineral has a hardness of 7? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the hardness of apatite? |
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Term
| Something with a hardness greater than 8 and less than 9. |
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Definition
| What would scratch topaz but not gourndum? |
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Term
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Definition
| Silvite tastes like what? |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a mineral to release a gas under weak acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Soft drinks and champagne are an example of what? |
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Term
| Units of mass per units of volume |
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Definition
| How is the weight of mineral measured? |
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Term
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Definition
| How do geologists measure the volume of strangely shaped minerals? |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of times a sample is as heavy as an equal volume of water |
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Term
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Definition
| An apparatus used to measure samples in and out of water (in relation to specific gravity) |
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Term
| Because the water is trying to get back into the space where we find our mineral. |
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Definition
| Why will a sample weighed in a jolly balance be heavier in air than in water? |
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Term
| A rock or an object in water is buoyed upward by a force equal to to the volume of water displaced. |
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Definition
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Term
| SP = (Weight in Air - Weight in Water)/ Weight in Air |
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Definition
| Specific Gravity Equation |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the specific gravity of quartz? |
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Term
| It will weigh less than the heavy sample pure. (round up) |
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Definition
| What will small pieces of light material do to the overall specific gravity of a sample? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the specific gravity of gold? |
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Term
| It will make it erroneously heavy (round down). |
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Definition
| Gold almost always occurs with quartz. What will happen to the specific gravity of a sample of quartz with gold in it? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the specific gravity of something that weighs 8 in air and 6 in water? |
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Term
| Pumice. It has a specific gravity lower than 1--floats in water. |
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Definition
| What rock has the lowest specific gravity? |
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Term
Pyrite
Specific gravity: 7.4
If the sample is heavier than 7.4, the sample is heavy, and vice versa. |
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Definition
| Heavy and light are relative terms. If a specimen is metallic, it's compared to what? |
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Term
Quartz
Specific gravity: 2.65
If the sample is heavier than 2.65, the sample is heavy, and vice versa. |
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Definition
| Heavy and light are relative terms. If a specimen is non-metallic, it's compared to what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Minerals that form in layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat plane caused by breaking a mineral down a plane of weak bonds. |
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Term
There are 8.
Mica minerals only split in 1 direction. |
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Definition
| How many mica minerals are there and how many different directions do the split in? |
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Term
| 3. So it looks like a cube under a microscope. |
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Definition
| Halite (salt) cleaves in how many directions? |
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Term
| It will break on a random plane. "Fractionary plane" |
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Definition
| What happens if a mineral with equal bonding strength in all directions breaks? |
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Term
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Definition
| Brittle structures, such as salt, often break along a _____ plane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The points that crystals come to |
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Term
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Definition
| Crystals that grow up from a sub straight (ex. wall) have __ termination, quartz in Arkansas often grows suspended so that it has __________ termination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of minerals that form crystals of economic value |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of common rock-forming minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| How many classes of rock forming minerals? |
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Term
| 1 silica and 1 Oxygen (SiO) |
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Definition
| Rock forming minerals from the Silicate class must have |
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Term
| 1 Aluminum, 1 Silica, and 4 Oxygen (AlSiO4) |
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Definition
| Feldspars, from the Silicate class, have what atomic structure? |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxides class must have what? |
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Term
| 1 Phosphorus and 4 Oxygen (PO4) |
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Definition
| Phosphates must have what? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Carbonates must have what? |
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Term
| Chloride or Florine (Cl, F) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What does a clam make its shell out of? |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occurring solid composed of 1 or more minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| The subset of geology responsible for the subset of rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| Subset of geology responsible for the subset of minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks formed by cooling magma |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks composed of the pieces of other rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| Erosion, transport, disposition, and lithophocation (ETDL) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks changed by heat, pressure, and chemically reacted solutions and gases |
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Term
| Melt it, allow it to cool |
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Definition
| How would you make a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock? |
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Term
| Erosion, Transport, Disposition, and Lithophocation (ETDL) |
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Definition
| How would you make a metamorphic rock into a sedimentary rock? |
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Term
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Definition
| How would you make a Sedimentary rock into an igneous rock? |
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Term
| Heat, Pressure, Chemically reacted Solutions and Gases (HPCSG) |
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Definition
| How would you make an igneous rock into a metamorphic rock? |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks that are halfway between two of the rock classes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 basic kinds of igneous rock |
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Term
| Extrusive (historically referred to as volcanic rocks) |
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Definition
| Igneous rocks that are allowed to cool on the surface |
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Term
| Intrusive (historically referred to as plutonic). |
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Definition
| Igneous rocks that are allowed to cool beneath the surface |
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Term
| Magma chamber, neck, vent, crater. |
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Definition
| Below a volcano, you will find a large chamber called a ______________. Magma reaches the surface through a tube called a _______ and goes out via the ________. Typically, there is also a _________ from magma building and cooling on the top |
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Term
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Definition
| A vent on the side of a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| Vent at the top of a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| When a volcano collapses into an empty magma chamber it forms a truly large hole called a _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example in the U.S. of a caldera |
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Term
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Definition
| Magma beneath the surface, _______. Above the surface, _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more ______ the stiffer the lava |
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Term
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Definition
| The subset of geology responsible for the study of land forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Low-profile volcano created by runny (low-silica) lava |
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Term
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Definition
| Magma increases in silica content as it burns through continental crust--specifically ______ and ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| A very steep volcano formed by stiff (high-silica) lava |
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Term
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Definition
| Volcano between steep-sided and shield |
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Term
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Definition
| Magma splatters on the side of the vent and builds virtually straight up |
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Term
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Definition
| Cone composed of high and low silica lava (creates intermediate profiles), found mostly on the west coast |
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Term
| Composite. Because it's on the West coast |
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Definition
| What kind of volcano cone would you expect to see in Colorado? |
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Term
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Definition
| Cone created when magma is so stiff it can't move at all and explodes into pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| cone composed of intermediate silica lava |
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Term
| As magma burns through the continents it gathers silica, and then clears its throat so low silica lava gets through the surface without gaining more silica. |
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Definition
| How do you get high and low silica lava in the same place? |
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Term
| Cracks of the Moon, Idaho. Lots of silica filled rock there. |
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Definition
| Best example of cinder and splatter cones |
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Term
| Shield volcanoes and such, because there is no silica in oceanic crust. |
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Definition
| What kind of volcanoes form around mid oceanic ridges and on oceanic crust? |
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Term
The expansion of water.
Most magma is 10-15% water. When it reaches the surface it expands from a liquid to a gas--1000 times its original size, and pushes magma upward. |
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Definition
| What are volcanic eruptions caused by? |
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Term
| Flood Basalt (horizontal tiers) |
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Definition
| Low-silica lava flows over hills and valleys, and cools evenly on the surface, creating a plateau called a ______________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plateaus are so large because lava is coming out of a large or long crack instead of a vent. Fancy word for that crack? |
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Term
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Definition
| Basalt that forms vertical tiers |
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Term
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Definition
| If silica content is too high, magma blows into the air and creates________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyroplastic larger than 32mm., and liquid when thrown into the air, forming a long tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyroplastics larger than 32mm., solid when thrown into the air, form what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Bomb with elongated shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyroplastics between 32 and 2mm.? |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyroplastics between 2 and 0.0625mm? |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyroplastics smaller than 0.0625 millimeters? |
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Term
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Definition
| Lava that flows through previously existent river valleys and cools as it flows through, creating a hole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lava forms around a circular part of a vent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Igneous rock formations on mid oceanic ridges that look like blown-up surgical gloves, and have outer rinds composed of obsidian |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid oceanic ridges are mostly composed of _______ basalts, some of which get their heads knocked off and are referred to as ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| How many different ways can volcanoes kill you? |
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Term
| Explosion, Tsunami, Nue Ardante, Lahar, Lava, Collapse, "Fire Gods," Ash, Glaciers... |
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Definition
| Name all the ways a volcano can kill you. |
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Term
| Krakatoa--on an island north of Australia. Isolated, only killed 23 people (from the explosion itself anyway), but the shock wave went around the world 5 times. Rattled windows in London. Generated a tsunami that killed 30,000. |
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Definition
| Largest known volcanic explosion in recorded history |
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Term
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Definition
| Volcanic eruptions associated with the coastline often create ______________. |
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Term
| Nue Ardantes (also called Pyroplastic clouds). |
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Definition
| A cloud of poisonous explosive gases that accelerate down hill after a volcanic eruption and often carry volcanic ash. |
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Term
| Mt. Vesuvius, Pompeii, Naples. |
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Definition
| Best example of a nue ardante? |
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Term
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Definition
| A human shaped form of rock only ever seen in Hiroshima and pompeii. |
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Term
| 2.5 million people will die in the first 10 seconds. There is a 50% chance it will erupt this year, and that chance increases by 10% every year, meaning it will erupt in 5 years. 2.5 weeks to evacuate. |
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Definition
| Next time Mt. Vesuvius erupts, how many people will die? |
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Term
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Definition
| Large-scale mudslides caused by volcanic eruptions that do tremendous damage to human structures. |
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Term
| Lahars (picked off towns 20 miles away). |
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Definition
| When Mt. St. Helens erupted, what was the most damage caused by? |
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Term
| Santorini, the capital of the Minoan culture, collapsed into a caldera underwater. It may be how the myth of Atlantis began. |
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Definition
| Best example of damage caused by a caldera |
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Term
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Definition
| Primitive cultures sacrificed virgins to the ___________ to keep volcanoes from erupting |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ from volcanic eruptions can cause structures to collapse because the weight becomes too great for structures to bare |
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Term
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Definition
| 250,000 people will die in the first 10 minutes when the glacier near ________, ________ falls down (which could happen after a volcanic eruption). |
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Term
| Geothermal electricity (used in Iceland to heat water), volcanic soil (created by ash mixing with soil), cinder cones used to build highways. |
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Definition
| Three advantages to volcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
| Volcanoes that are still on their heat source and have erupted in the last 100 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Volcanoes that are still on their heat source but have not erupted in the last 100 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Example of a quiescent volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| Volcanoes that have been removed from their heat source |
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Term
| 4 of the volcanoes in Hawaii |
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Definition
| Example of a dead volcano |
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Term
| Subduction zones, plumes/hotspots, Insipient ridges (M.O.R.) (Heat convection). |
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Definition
| What plate tectonic mechanisms cause terrestrial volcanoes? |
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Term
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Definition
| If rocks are consistent, geologists can predict volcanic eruptions within ___ minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| Seismometers covering a volcano |
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Term
| Magma will continue to move through rock at the same rate, and rock is the same hardness all the way through (if magma reaches a fault, it may short-circuit to the surface). |
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Definition
| In predicting volcanic eruptions, what are the 2 underlying assumption which could be incorrect? |
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Term
| Don't build around it. Turn it into a park. Don't put sensitive receptors like hospitals, grade schools, or your primary water source anywhere near it. |
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Definition
| What do you do with an active volcano? |
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