Term
| What are the factors that influence mass wasting events? |
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Definition
| Angle of Repose, Saturated vs Unsaturated (Wetter is more unstable), "over steepening" of slopes, is the supportive vegetative cover, |
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Term
| What are the causes of mass wasting events: |
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Definition
Natural: Earthquakes and liquefaction, water(rain and snow melt), weathering, geological over-steepening.
Human: over-steepening by construction projects, road-cuts, and quarries. |
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Term
| How do we classify mass wasting events? |
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Definition
| by Material, speed, type of movement (Laminar or turbulent), location (submarine or terrestrial) |
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Term
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Definition
| All in one direction vs all different directions. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of Mass Wasting events? |
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Definition
| Creep, Slump, Rockfall, Rockslides, Debris Flow, Mudflow, and Lahar |
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Term
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Definition
Slow (mm/yr), too slow to see. caused by unconsolidated material moving down the slope via gravity.
Vertical objects slope over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid slide (m/s) however you can still run away from it. caused by rocks slipping down a curved surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid (m/s) from steep or vertical angles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid (m/s). Caused by rock or sediment moving rapidly along a plane of weakness such as bedding or foliation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| super wet sediment (flows like a liquid) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is the maximum angle of a stable slope determined by friction, cohesion and the shapes of the particles. |
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Term
| What's special about submarine landslides? |
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Definition
| They are much larger than land-based ones and can create catastrophic tsunamis. |
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Term
| What are the four largest reservoirs of water on the earth? |
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Definition
| Oceans (97.2%), Glaciers (2.15%), Groundwater (0.62%), Freshwater lakes (.009%) |
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Term
| What are the 6 processes involved in the Hydrologic cycle? |
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Definition
| Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff, Transpiration, Storage in Lakes and Underground. |
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Term
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Definition
| straight,steep and fast. usually in the highlands. vs winding, flat and slow and usually in the lowlands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Matures as the river down-cut into the ground overtime. |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of water flowing through a give cross section during a given time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamental geographic unit or track of land that contributes water to a stream or stream system |
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Term
| Trunk streams vs Tributaries |
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Definition
| Primary river in a watershed vs streams that feed into it. |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the size of particles the stream can move. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical drop over horizontal flowing distance. Same a slope! |
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Term
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Definition
| a sinuous, S-shaped curve that forms in a mature river system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms when erosion cuts off the neck of a tight-meander loop. |
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Term
| Name the two bank of a curved river: |
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Definition
| The deposition bank (point bar) on the inside and the cut bank of the outside. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms when erosion cuts off the neck of a tight-meander loop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the stream usually runs. |
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Term
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Definition
| build at the base of a mountain in an arid semiarid region. Usually occurs where a significant break in slope. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms where a sediment-laden stream flows into standing water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low flat area adjacent to a stream that is subject to periodic flooding & sedimentation usually dry. becomes submerged when it floods. Is formed by the meandering of a river. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mark previous levels of a floodplain. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a river channel goes over it's max discharge. |
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Term
| Primary impacts of a flood |
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Definition
| Death, Injury, Damage to property, landscape changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water pollution, fire, disease, disruption of social and economic activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The average time between two floods of a given time. There is an inverse relationship between interval and intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can significantly enhance flood events, paving increases flood height, the probability, flood will weak sooner during a storm and their will be more runoff. |
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Term
| Why live in a floodplain? |
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Definition
| Good soil for farms, easy access to river transportation, and flat ground to build on. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water stored within pores, cracks & fissures in the ground, water that infiltrates the ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper limit of water in an unconfined aquifer. |
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Term
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Definition
| An impermeable layer along an aquifer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The volume of pore (void) space in a sediment or rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| the east with which fluids flow through geologic materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms when discharge is greater than recharge. |
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Term
| When does subsidence occur? |
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Definition
| When discharge is greater than recharge |
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Term
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Definition
| too much overdrafting causes salt water to get in and pollute ground water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid dissolves limestone, creating a network of caves & sinks. Can form sink holes on the surface! |
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Term
| What is hydrothermal activity? |
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Definition
| Any process associated with igneous activity involving the action of very hot waters. The waters involved can be derived directly from an igneous intrusion (i.e. juvenile water) as a residual fluid formed during the late stages of crystallization of the body, or can be external groundwater heated during crystallization of the intrusion. The hydrothermal fluids can react with and alter the rocks through which they pass, or can deposit minerals from solution. |
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Term
| Who deals with water purity? |
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Definition
| Water purity is established by the U.S. Public Health Service. It is controlled and monitored by the EPA and FDA. |
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Term
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Definition
| evidence of past life in the geological record. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main disciplines of paleontology? |
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Definition
| Paleobotany- study of plants. invertebrate paleontology and vertebrate paleontogy |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of ancient flora which is important for reconstructing ancient climates and ecosystems. Works with coal and mold fossils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacement fossils- bone replaced by minerals though it maybe still look like bones. Mold- set in the rock, decays away, mold is left. Icnofossils- evidence of behavior an organism was engaged in |
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Term
| Invertebrate paleontology |
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Definition
| allows us to reconstruct environments, to define geological ages and date rocks with index fossils. |
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Term
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Definition
| We are organism oriented trying to figure out how they lived. Either studying evolution or biography. |
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Term
| What makes a good index fossil? |
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Definition
| used to date rocks. best are geographically widespread, easily identifiable and evolve quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| how related they are depends on how close they are (distance) |
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Term
| When was the age of the dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| Mesozoic Era which was from cretaceous to triassic. |
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Term
| Where do fossil fuels usually come from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| results in different grades of coal. From Peat, lignite, bituminous and Antarctic. |
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Term
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Definition
Formation: from altered plant matter
Extraction: open pit, strip mining.
Uses: electricity
Consequences: land disturbances, acid mine drainage, subsidence, water pollution, air pollution, fly ash, ecosystem degradation. |
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Term
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Definition
Formation: Requires organic matter in an marine anaerobic environment.In order for oil to collect in concentrated area the earth must enclose the porous rocks containing the oil with non-porous rock through which the oil does not pass
Extraction: from anticline, fault and unconformity traps
Uses: internal combustion
Consequences: |
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Term
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Definition
| unprocessed petroleum before it is refined into different grades. |
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Term
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Definition
Formation: Trapped in the crust. Methane Gas Hydrates are formed on the sea floor.
Extraction:
Uses: For heating
Consequences: |
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Term
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Definition
| was the most recent geological time scale started about 1.6 million years ago. |
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Term
| When was the last ice age? |
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Definition
| max was 20,000 years ago. Glaciers started retreating 12,000 years ago. |
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Term
| What are short-term causes of ice ages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 variations in the Milankovitch Cycle? |
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Definition
| Eccentricity or orbit, tilt and wobble or precession. |
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Term
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Definition
| goes form oval to almost round |
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Term
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Definition
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