Term
Who used the Principle of Faunal
Succession to plan canal construction in
18th Century England? |
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Definition
| William Smith (1769-1839) |
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| Are the building blocks of rocks |
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| The Earth's crust is made up of |
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| Minerals may contain --- that can be used for radiometric age dating. |
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| Minerals that crystallize from magmas and lavas can provide information about temperatures, as well as viscosity of the magma, type of volcano, and --- |
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Term
| Minerals that form under metamorphic conditions can provide information about ---, from which we can determine the depth at which metamorphism occurred, and information about the history of the formation of mountain ranges. |
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Definition
| Temperatures and pressures |
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Term
| Minerals which contain iron can record the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field, which yields information on latitude, and provides evidence for drifting continents, sea floor spreading, and movement and reversal of the --- |
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Definition
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| Minerals can also tell us about the changing ---, for example, the presence or absence of oxygen. |
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Definition
| Chemistry of the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
Inorganic
Orderly internal crystal structure |
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Term
| --- - the color of the mineral as it appears to the eye in reflected light. Note that some minerals may have a range of colors. |
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Definition
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| --- - the character of the light reflected from the mineral. A mineral may have a metallic luster or a non-metallic luster. |
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| --- - the resistance of a mineral to scratching. |
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| Hardness is measured on a scale of 1 - 10 called --- |
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Definition
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Term
| --- - how heavy a mineral is for its size. |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- some minerals are in the form of crystals. Crystal shape is related to the structural arrangement of atoms within the mineral. |
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Definition
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| --- - the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces related to planes of weakness in its crystal structure. Minerals can be identified by the number of cleavage planes they exhibit, and the angles between them. |
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Definition
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Term
| --- - irregular breakage, not related to planes of weakness in the mineral. |
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Definition
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| Some minerals, such as quartz and olivine, do not have cleavage. They have a type of fracture called --- |
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Term
| --- - A few minerals are magnetic. They are attracted to a magnet, or they act as a natural magnet, attracting small steel objects such as paperclips. |
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Definition
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Term
| --- - The carbonate minerals react with diluted --- by effervescing or fizzing, producing bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. |
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Definition
Reaction to acid
Hydrochloric Acid |
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Term
| --- - Some minerals have a distinctive feel to the fingers. |
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Definition
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| --- - Some minerals have a distinctive taste. |
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Definition
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| --- - Some minerals can be bent. |
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Definition
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Term
| These elements help make up the dominant group of rock-forming minerals, the --- |
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Definition
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Term
| The silicate minerals are based on a crystal structure that involves four oxygen atoms arranged in pyramid-like shape, surrounding a --- |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals that do not contain silicon are called --- |
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Definition
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| --- - A range of compositions with sodium and calcium. |
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Definition
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| --- - Colorless or silver-colored mica. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Main constituent of the ultramafic rock, --- (birthstone = peridot) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| --- - it alters to form calcite |
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Definition
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| Main constituent of sedimentary rock --- |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Major constituent of --- (and table salt). |
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Definition
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| --- - rock that is fine-grained and massive |
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Definition
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Term
--- - Two minerals with the same composition but different internal
crystalline structuer and, thus, different physical properties. |
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Definition
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Term
| --- - Rocks changed by heat and/or pressure or chemical activity Examples: gneiss, schist, slate, marble |
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Definition
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Term
| Igneous rocks crystallized from hot, molten ---, as it cooled. |
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Term
| --- rocks form from lava, which cooled on the Earth's surface. |
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Term
--- igneous rocks form from lava (magma that has reached
the surface of Earth. |
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Definition
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Term
| ---influence the texture of the igneous rock. |
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Definition
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Term
| ---= quick cooling = fine grained |
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Definition
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| ---= slow cooling = coarse grained |
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Definition
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Term
Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of:
Texture (or grain size)
--- |
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Definition
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Term
Igneous Rock Composition Groups
Sialic
Intermediate
Mafic
--- |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of Mafic rocks --- |
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Definition
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Term
| Form when loose sediment (gravel, sand, silt or clay) becomes compacted and/or --- to form rock |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of converting sediment to sedimentary rock is called --- |
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Definition
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Term
| Sediment is deposited in horizontal layers. A major characteristic of sedimentary rock is horizontal layers, called --- |
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Definition
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Term
---
humid tropical coal swamps,
dry windswept deserts,
glacial ice sheets,
high temperatures and high sea levels. |
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Definition
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Term
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks (also called terrigenous or detrital)
--- Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Sedimentary Rocks (Coal) |
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Definition
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Term
--- sedimentary rocks (also called terrigenous or detrital)
Conglomerate or Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale or Claystone |
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Definition
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Term
--- sedimentary rocks
Peat
Lignite
Bituminous coal
Anthracite coal |
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Definition
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| --- (mud or fine-grained sediment surrounding the clasts) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemicals are removed from seawater and made into rocks by chemical processes, or --- (such as shell growth). |
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Definition
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| --- - form from chemical processes (silica replacing limestone) or biochemical processes (silica-secreting organisms) |
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Definition
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Term
| --- - composed of gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H2O) |
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Definition
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Term
Carbonate Rocks
1. Limestones
2. --- |
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Definition
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Term
| Diatomite - made of microscopic planktonic organisms called ---. Resembles chalk, but does not fizz in acid |
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Definition
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Term
| Coal is a ---. Electric utility companies use more than 90% of the coal mined in the U.S. |
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Definition
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Term
Rocks are changed or metamorphosed by:
1. High temperatures
2. ---
3. Chemical reactions |
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Definition
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Term
Regional or ---
Alteration of rock over a large area by heat and pressure due to deep burial or tectonic processes. |
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Definition
| dynamothermal metamorphism |
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Term
| --- - Mica flakes are microscopic in size. Derived from the regional metamorphism of shale. Note the relict sedimentary bedding (vertical) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chlorite and muscovite form at relatively --- temperatures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sillimanite forms at the --- temperatures and pressures. |
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Definition
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