Term
| Which volcanic gas was not added to the earths atmosphere during early differentiation of the planet. |
|
Definition
| O2 (the 2 is a subscript) |
|
|
Term
| Why does the Yellowstone hotspot volcanism produce more explosive volcanic eruptions than the Hawaiian hotspot volcanism? |
|
Definition
| Upwelling basaltic magma partially melts the overlying continental crust producing viscous rhyolitic lava |
|
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Term
| How can we best ecplain the fact that the inner and outer cores are both composed of metallic iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) yet the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid |
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Definition
| the melting temperature for Fe-Ni is lower than the geothermal gradient temperature in the outer core |
|
|
Term
| The ___________ mineral group is a major economic source of iron |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Meteorites that strike the earth are predominantly composed of |
|
Definition
| iron-nickel and silicate minerals |
|
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Term
| Why are S-waves completely absorbed as they enter the "low velocity zone" (asthenosphere) |
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Definition
| Non of the above are correct as S-waves are not completely absorbed by the asthenosphere |
|
|
Term
| During differentiation of the earth, heat was generated from |
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Definition
All of the above
-kinetic energy of impacting planetesimals
-compressional heating during condensation of planetesimals
-radioactive heating |
|
|
Term
| How do geologists explain the uplift in the colorado plateau and the rifting of nevada and utah? |
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Definition
| a spreading ridge was subducted under california and is now upwelling beneath the basin and range |
|
|
Term
| Transform plate boundaries are typically associated with |
|
Definition
| divergent margins where the rate of spreading is different along segments of the spreading ridge |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following plate motions would not likely occur in the future |
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Definition
| The isthmus of panama will close and the gulf stream current will be diverted northward to europe. |
|
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Term
| As magma crystallizes into igneous rock the residual melt is typically |
|
Definition
| more felsic AND lower density than the rock |
|
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Term
| The silicate mineral amphibole has 50 percent of its silicate tetrahedra possessing 3-shared oxygen atoms and 1 unshared and 50 percent of its silicate tetrahedra possessing 2 shared oxygen atoms and 2 unshared oxygen atoms. What is the ratio of Si:O in the tetrahedral structure of this mineral |
|
Definition
| 2 different ratios of 2.5 and 3 so answer is 2.75 |
|
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Term
Match the Lava type with the appropriate geographic/tectoni setting where it likely formed
-Yellowstone Calderas
-Ural Mts.
-Mt. Rainier, Cascades
-basalt
-Granite
-andesite
peridotite
-rhyolite |
|
Definition
Yellowstone- rhyolite
Ural- Granite
Mt. Rainier- andesite |
|
|
Term
| The lava composition of Mt. St. Helens is ___________ and it tends to be more ____________ than lavas erupted from Rainier. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tectonic setting is represented by the Appalachian mountains in the eastern united states |
|
Definition
| Ancient collision margin (continent-continent) |
|
|
Term
| Following differentiation the earth became compositionally zoned according to |
|
Definition
| density of constituent matter |
|
|
Term
| The cause of volcanism observed in the Cascades in most similar to that of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What scientific observations of the solar system indicate that the sun and planets formed from a rotating disk shaped nebular dust cloud |
|
Definition
-The planets all revolve in a counter clockwise direction around the sun
-Most of the planets and their moons rotate on their axis in a counter clockwise direction
-The planetary orbits are aligned along the suns equatorial plane |
|
|
Term
| What mineral group is vital to proper cell function in human beings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the S-wave shadow zone larger than the p wave shadow zone |
|
Definition
| S-waves are completely absorbed by the liquid outer core |
|
|
Term
| Divergent margins typically originate under continents because |
|
Definition
| the insulating property of thick continental lithosphere retains more heat than ocean lithosphere |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic minerals that crystallize in a lava flow erupted near the equator today will |
|
Definition
-be oriented perpendicular to the surface of the lava flow
-will have normal polarity and point toward magnetic north |
|
|
Term
| What evidence have geophysicist used to indicate that the core is metallic and has a liquid component? |
|
Definition
-The presence of the earths magnetic field
-seismic wave studies, specifically the s-wave shadow zone |
|
|
Term
| How are minerals produced on earth |
|
Definition
-can crystallize directly from a magmatic melt
-can precipitate from aqueous solutions |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms that likely drive subduction of the ocean lithosphere |
|
Definition
ridge push
plate sliding
slab pull |
|
|
Term
| Why does Ca-rich plagioclase develop cleavage planes yet it is a framework silicate mineral with all of its oxygen atoms shared between tetrahedra |
|
Definition
| This mineral may have an Al atom in its tetrahedra, which requires additional ionic bonds with Ca atoms |
|
|
Term
| In the geologic techniques lab you calculated the stream length of a section of the wenatchee river ________ |
|
Definition
| using a string and the topographic maps bar scale |
|
|
Term
| Im the plate tectonics lab we observed that oceanic crust compromising the Juan de Fuca plate was being created at the spreading ridge at a rate ________ the rate of its subduction beneath the North American plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the minerals lab the main diagnostic criteria for identifying biotite mica was |
|
Definition
| its cleavage into dark flexible sheets |
|
|
Term
| What is Terry's favorite tree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Match the magma/lava type with the appropriate geographic/tectonic setting where it likely formed
-Columbia Plateau, Washington
-Ural Mts.
-Mt. Pinatubo
-Basalt
-granite
-andesite
-peridotite
-rhyolite |
|
Definition
Columbia Plateau- basalt
Ural Mts.- Granite
Mt. Pinatubo- andesite |
|
|
Term
| Arrange the compositional zones of the earth according to their respective density (lightest to densest) |
|
Definition
| Continental crust, ocean crust, mantle, outer core, inner core |
|
|
Term
| The cause of volcanism observed in the cascades is similar to that of __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Australia has unique faunal (animal) assemblages compared to the other continents because _________ |
|
Definition
| it has been tectonically isolated from other continents for a very long period of time |
|
|
Term
| The olympic and coast mountains are composed of |
|
Definition
| marine sedimentary rock scraped off from the ocean floor during subduction |
|
|
Term
| The spreading ridge, which represents the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca and Pacific Plates will eventually be subducted under the north american plate |
|
Definition
| the convergence rate along the subduction zone is greater than the rate of production of new ocean crust |
|
|
Term
| Divergent margins typically originate under continents because |
|
Definition
| the insulating property of thick continental lithosphere retains more heat than ocean lithosphere |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common elements comprising the ocean crust? |
|
Definition
| Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (o) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following answers is not correct regarding metallic bonds and properties of metals |
|
Definition
| strength does not depend upon the atomic radius and type of crystal lattice (structure) |
|
|
Term
| The __________ mineral group is a major component of marine limestone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do seismic waves decelerate as they enter the low velocity zone |
|
Definition
| The "low velocity" zone is at the pressure melting temperature for the earths mantle |
|
|
Term
| In a recent NASA mission to the moon a rocket smashed into the surface near the south pole kicking up lunar debris. How was water measured |
|
Definition
| Spectrometry measuring the light emitted/absorbed by debris |
|
|
Term
| What type of fault motion resulted in the Jan 12th 2010 earthquake in Haiti |
|
Definition
| left lateral strike ship motion |
|
|
Term
| Rank chemical bonds forming minerals from strongest to weakest |
|
Definition
| Covalent, ionic, vander waal |
|
|
Term
| Phenocrysts crystallize _________ and at a _________ temperature than the minerals within ground mass in porphyritic rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As magma crystallizes into igneous rock the residual melt _________ |
|
Definition
Will become more felsic than the rock
will become more viscous than original source magma |
|
|
Term
| When two continental plates converge |
|
Definition
-Andesitic volcanism will erupt at the surface
-a collision mountain belt will form |
|
|
Term
| The phenocrysts in porphyritic basalt would crystallize ________ and have a __________ melting temperature than the matrix minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of volcanic eruption caused the destruction of St. Pierre on the Caribbean Island of Martinique |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of volcanic rock would contain welded lithic fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does quartz develop cleavage planes yet it has all its oxygen atoms shared between tetrahedra |
|
Definition
| This mineral does not cleave |
|
|
Term
| The Silicon Oxygen ratio in the amphibole crystal structure is_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valencies within the silicate tetrahedra of the amphibole structure are satisfied___________ |
|
Definition
-by covalent bonds between adjacent oxygen atoms
-by ionic bonds with available cations |
|
|
Term
| Roof pendant refers to _________ |
|
Definition
| remnant country rock "draped" over intrusive rock |
|
|
Term
| Why do large Jovian planets have molecular hydrogen in their atmospheres but the smaller terrestrial planets do not? |
|
Definition
| The jovian planets are further from the sun and the hydrogen gas can condense and be held by gravity |
|
|
Term
| The fishing community of Heimey, Iceland was nearly inundated by _________ lava flows, but was saved _______ |
|
Definition
| andesite; using fire hoses to solidify the lava flows and divert them to the sea |
|
|
Term
| Transform plate boundaries are typically associated with _________ |
|
Definition
| divergent margins where the rate of spreading is different along segments of the spreading ridge |
|
|
Term
| The cause of volcanism observed in the Hawaiian islands is similar to that of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A shield volcano has a lower slope angle than a strato (composite) volcano because _________ |
|
Definition
| its basaltic lava flows have lower viscosities than the andesitic flows of strato volcanoes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common elements comprising rocks of the outer core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All the above
-at sea floor spreading zones
-at continental rift zones
-above hotspots
-back arc spreading basins |
|
|
Term
| How can mantle rocks be brought to the surface of the earth, such as in the Cascades or Fidalgo Island |
|
Definition
| they are squeezed to the surface along suture zones where collisions occur |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not true regarding the 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption |
|
Definition
| the volcano is presently rebuilding its lava dome |
|
|
Term
| Most carbonate rocks are produced |
|
Definition
| within a subduction zone setting |
|
|
Term
| As magma crystallizes into igneous rock the residual melt__________ |
|
Definition
will become more felsic (silica rich)
-will yield more explosive eruptions |
|
|
Term
| Strato Volcanoes are largely composed of |
|
Definition
| interlayered lava and pyroclastic flows |
|
|
Term
| Valencies within the silicate tetrahedra of the olivine struacture are satisfied |
|
Definition
| by ionic and metallic bonds with available iron and magnesium atoms |
|
|
Term
| Van der waal bonds are form... |
|
Definition
| When electrons are preferentially aligned to one side of an atome resulting in weak negative charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when electrons are loosely held and move between atoms |
|
|
Term
| Yellowstone caldera volcanic rocks are composed of rock rich in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are ropey textured flows that form as the viscosity decreases during degassing |
|
|
Term
| When two continental plates converge |
|
Definition
| a collision mountain belt will form |
|
|
Term
| The most widely accepted explanation for the earth's magnetic field |
|
Definition
| movement of electrons in the molten iron of its outer core |
|
|
Term
| What kind of margin exists today along the western margin of central California |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of volcanic rock would preserve gas bubbles during cooling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granitic composition magma will not typically rise to the surface because |
|
Definition
| its melting temperature increases with decreasing pressure and it will solidify at depth |
|
|
Term
| Where is basaltic magma not typically found |
|
Definition
| continental collision boundary |
|
|
Term
| Why does the topographic expression of the Hawaiian islands become progressively lower from the big island to the island lying northwest? |
|
Definition
| The ocean lithosphere is lighter over the hotspos and it floats higher |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common elements comprising rocks of the crust and mantle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Andesitic composition magma can form |
|
Definition
-ocean/ocean convergent boundaries
-ocean/continent convergent boundaries |
|
|
Term
| P-Waves _____________ as they travel through the asthenosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
