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| The study of how the Earth operates |
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| The study of how the Earth was developed |
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| Scientific Method and Earth Systems |
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| Facts through observations, hypothesis and the numerous interacting parts. |
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| Why Geology is relevant to you/society/environment? |
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| Natural hazards and minerals for the economy. |
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| How Uniformitarianism allows geologist to study Earth's history |
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| Physical, chemical and biological laws are the same. |
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| Divergent (moving apart), Convergent (colliding), Transform Fault (slide past) |
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| Mid-Atlantic Ridge & South-Indian Ridge |
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| Andes mountains and Himalayans |
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| Transform Fault locations |
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| San Andreas Fault and Caribbean fault |
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| Naturally occurring, solid, crystalline structure, inorganic and have a chemical formula. |
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| How do rocks differ from minerals? |
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| Rocks are a solid mass of minerals |
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| 3 Basic Subatomic Particles |
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Definition
Protons +
Neutrons o
Electrons - |
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| Mineral with same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. |
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| Electrons are gained or lost |
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| Electrons are shared and the bond is much stronger |
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| Physical Properties of minerals... |
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| hardness, cleavage, luster, color, streak, fracture... |
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| Why is color not always useful? |
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| Color varies (Ex: quartz) |
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| Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron |
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| 4 large Oxygen surround 1 small Silicon |
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| How are Igneous rocks formed? |
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| Molten rock cools and solidifies |
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| Magma is below and lava is above the surface |
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| How are igneous rocks classified? |
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| Felsic, intermediate, mafic and fine or coursed grained. |
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Intrusive:
Phaneritic
Porphyritic
Apahnitic
Glassy
Vesicular
Extrusive |
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| Igneous rocks are composed mainly of.. |
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| Igneous forced between sedimentary layers |
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| Factors determining Volcanic Eruptions |
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Composition: High silica=high viscosity
Temperature: Hotter=more viscous
Gases: Champagne (cold) |
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| Liquid lava in central vent (Hawaii) |
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| Explosive but small (Mt. Zion) |
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| More viscous and large (Mt. St. Helens) |
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| Mudflow of pyroclastic material |
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| Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity |
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| Most are located on ocean basins. (The Ring of Fire) |
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| Main agents of Metamorphism... |
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| Heat, Pressure and Chemicals |
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| Main changes during Metamorphism |
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Definition
| Foliation and grain textures |
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| Flat arraignment of minerals |
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| Different types of Metamorphism |
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| Contact/Thermal, Hydrothermal and Regional |
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| Metamorphism and Plate Tectonics |
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| Mostly at convergent boundaries |
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- Coarse grained (Phanertitic)
- Feldspar, Quartz, Biotite, Hornblende Felsic
- Melting of rock, rise of magma slowy cooled
- Intrusive
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- Coarse grained (Phaneritic)
- Feldspar, Horblende, Intermediate
- Slow cooling
- Intrusive
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IGNEOUS
Porphyritic Andesite |
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- Porphyritic
- Hornblende pheno-crysts, Intermediate
- Slow cooling below then fast above
- Extrusive
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- Fine grained (Aphantic)
- Too fine to see minerals, Mafic
- Fast cooling
- Extrusive
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- Vesicular, glassy
- No minerals
- Fast cooling at surface with relase of gas
- Extrusive
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- Glassy
- No minerals
- Fast cooling of very viscous lava
- Extrusive
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