Term
| Isotopes of an element are atoms of the element but with |
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Definition
| Different number of electrons |
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Term
| The land plants evolved about |
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Definition
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Term
| the first timethat coalbeds apperared abundantlywas |
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Definition
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Term
| the extinction of the dinosaurs occured about |
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Definition
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Term
| the shell bearing organismsfirst appeared about |
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Definition
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Term
| currently the oldest terrestrial rock have an isotropic age of |
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Definition
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Term
| oxygen isotpoe method cannot be used to date geological materials because |
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Definition
| all commonnatural isotopes of oxygen are stable |
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Term
| the following mineral cannot be dated by the potassium-argon isotope method |
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Definition
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Term
| the stable isotopes produced from decay of uranium isotopes are |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon 14-isotope methodof datingis limitedto geological or archeological materials if they are younger than |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon-14 isotope age may not correspond to dates obtained from counting tree rings, because |
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Definition
| neutron flex from the sun that has been nexessary to produce carbon-14 isotope in the past may not have been the same as that involved in recent times |
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Term
| the third most abundant gas in our atmosphere is argon |
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Definition
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Term
| the following is produced from the decay of carbon-14 |
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Definition
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Term
| a discomformity within a sequence of strata can be established |
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Definition
| examining the fossil records |
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Term
| the isotope methods of dating of terrestrial and extra-tessterial materials have established that the age of earth is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| the speed of P-wave (or longitudinal wave) is a function of three variables |
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Definition
| bulk modules, density, and modulos of rigidity |
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Term
| the speed of the S-wave(or transverse wave) is a function of two variables |
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Definition
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Term
| the speed of S-waves at shallow levels within the earth is about |
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Definition
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Term
| the speed of the P-wave at shallow levles within the earth is about |
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Definition
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Term
| the speed of surface waves is about |
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Definition
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Term
| the order in which seismic waves arive at a fixed point is |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following seismic waves has a motion with half forward and then half backward on a vertical plane? |
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Definition
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Term
| the epicenter of an earthquake can be determined from |
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Definition
| knowledge of arrivals of P and S waves recorded at different stations |
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Term
| which of the following is a charchteristic of S waves |
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Definition
| they do not travel through liquids |
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Term
| the majority of earthquakes occure |
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Definition
| at the boundaries of converging tectonic plates |
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Term
| most earthquakes foci are located at |
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Definition
| shallow depths limited to about 70km |
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Term
| earthquakes do not orginate within the lower mantle because |
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Definition
| the rocks there are not rigid enough to store engery associated with deformation |
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Term
| the richter scale reflects |
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Definition
| the maximum ampliture (Expressed in mm) of S-waves that would have been recorded at a station about 100 km from the epicenter |
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Term
| the richter scale change from2 to 4 describes |
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Definition
| ground motion change by 100 times |
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Term
| the maximum S-wave amplitude given in mm scale of a recorded earthquake by a standard seismometer at 100 km away from that epicenter, is converted to mgnitude(M) by the following realation |
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Definition
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Term
| relative to an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the richter scale,an earthquake of mafnitude 7 releases |
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Definition
| about 20-30 times more energy |
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Term
| ground acceleration, the rate of change of the horizontal or vertical velocity, during earthquaes is a useful piece of information for |
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Definition
| designing buildings and other structures to withstand seismic shaking |
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Term
| hoes constructed of adobe can fail or collapse undera horizontal acceleration,which causes most damages to buildings and other structures, as small as |
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Definition
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Term
| the frequency of an earthquake wave equals |
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Definition
| the number of waves passing per second at a point of refrence |
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Term
| low frequency seismic surface waves |
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Definition
| may induce more damages to tall buildings than to short buildings |
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Term
| low buildings tend to sustain the greatest damage near earthquake epicenters becasuse |
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Definition
| highfrequency waves diminish more quickly with distance than do low frequency waves |
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Term
| in an earthquake prone region, the potential for a large magnitude earthquake is high where the subsurface rocks are |
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Definition
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Term
| the number of earthquakes per year with richter magnitude less than 3.5 is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the steeprdy portion of stream longitudinal profile is located |
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Definition
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Term
| stream competence is measured by |
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Definition
| the largest particle size that the stream can transport in its bed load |
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Term
| the discharge of a stream increases as |
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Definition
| velocity,width, and depth increase |
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Term
| active erosion in a meander takes place |
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Definition
| along the outer bank of a bend |
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Term
| flow around ia meander results in erosion on one break but deposition on the other bank marked by the formation of |
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Definition
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Term
| after a trubutar has joined a major stream, the unified stream immeditatltedly below the conflunce must have |
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Definition
| highervelocity than the major stream |
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Term
| the ration of dissolved chemical load ot sediment load in a stream may increase by |
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Definition
| an increase in vefetation in the drainage basin |
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Term
| which one of the following is the most abundant chemical group in major rivers of the world |
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Definition
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Term
| the two most abundant dissolved chemical componets of river waters come essentially from dissolution of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deposition of coardse sediment as velocity decreases abruptl for water that spills over the banks |
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Term
| an incised meander is an indication of |
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Definition
| a lowering of the base levle of erosion |
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Term
| which of the following is an example of local or regional base level of erosion |
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Definition
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Term
| the construction of a dam across a river would casue |
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Definition
| the river to produce more bank erosion downstream from the dam |
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Term
| river terraces can be the resulf of |
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Definition
| periodicdrops in the base level of erosion |
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Term
| a "misfit" river could be an indication that |
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Definition
| the river has been a victim of stream piracy. Also, a climate shift to a relatively drier condition has occured in the region. |
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Term
| a braided channel develops due to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the floodplan development for urban growth leads to |
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Definition
| frequent flooding from a decrease in the lag time between rain fall and cresting of the river |
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Term
| a dendritic drainage pattern implies that |
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Definition
| the area is underlain by undeformed rocks that have nearly uniform resistance to erosion |
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Term
| a trellis drainage patter implies that |
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Definition
| the area is underlain by a sequence of hard and soft rocks that are highly folded |
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Term
| distributaries are located in which part of a stream system |
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Definition
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Term
| an extensive delta growth is influenced by |
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Definition
| consierable uplifting of and havey rainfall in the drainage basin |
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Term
| waters in most rivers in teh world are fresh waters with total dissolved solid contents of |
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Definition
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Term
| total dissolved solids of global average river is |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is not a major dissolved chemical componet of average river water |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is the second msot abundant chemical componet of global riverwater |
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Definition
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Term
| which one is the right sequence in terms of the decrease in the relative size of the resorvoir |
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Definition
| groundwater>lakes>soils>moisture>atmosphere>rivers=biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the water table separates |
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Definition
| the zone of aeration from the underlying zone of saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| can move upward against the force of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs whenver there is a localized aquicludewithing an aquicfer |
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Term
| karst topography is charchterized by |
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Definition
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Term
| artesian ground-water systems are charcterised by |
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Definition
| rise of water above the level of a confined aquifer if a well is drilled into the aquifer |
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Term
| the water table near a large pumping well |
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Definition
| assumes a cone of depression |
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Term
| one of the following is alwasy a poor aquifer |
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Definition
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Term
| the rate of flow of much of shallow ground water is generally on the order of |
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Definition
| centimeters or may be one or two meters per day |
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Term
| hard water contains relatively large amounts of |
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Definition
| calcium and magnesium ions |
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Term
| darcys law basically states that |
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Definition
| the volume of ground water flowing in a specified amount of time is proportional to the vertical drop in height of the water table between two points divided by the horizontal distance between the two points |
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Term
| caves form n terrain or region where the rocks are essentially |
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Definition
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Term
| stalacities and stalagmites form as dropsof water from the ceiling of a cave |
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Definition
| lose dissolved carbon dioxide by enteringinto the cave with the atmospheric air |
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Term
| stalagmitesand stalagties are made up of |
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Definition
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Term
| if an excessive pumping of ground water in a coastalarea lowers the water tableat a locality by 0.5 meters the contact between the fresh ground water and the salty ground water in the locality will |
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Definition
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Term
| the leaning of the pisa tower in italy was caused by |
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Definition
| consolidation of the ground material by rapid ground water depletion |
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Term
| which rock type among the following would make the best aquifer |
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Definition
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Term
| the permeability of a rock system depends on severalthings except |
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Definition
| thickness of the rock system |
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Term
| development of geyers requires that |
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Definition
| the ground water partly be heated at a temperature above boiling and partly wiht a cap of a layer of coled water within a reservoir that offers limited convective mixing of the water |
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Term
| the problem of liquefaction can be somewhat reduced by |
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Definition
| compacting the soil as much as possible |
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Term
| intraplate earthquakes of 1811-1812 in new madrid region near missouri are related |
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Definition
| movement along an ancient rift zone |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of reduced or no seismic activity in the geologic record |
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Term
| which of the following is an example of eathquake precursor |
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Definition
| an increase and then shift to a decrease in the time of the first arrival of and induced P-wave from a fixed source to a various recording station |
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Term
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Definition
| transforms water-saturated granular material froma solid to liquid state |
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Term
| the hazard from a tsunami may be linked to |
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Definition
| a submarine normal faulting |
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