Term
| For every ton of iron purified, _____ tons of waste are created. |
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Definition
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Term
| The U.S. has iron reserves in |
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Definition
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Term
| Aluminum is purified from ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Purifying bauxite requires a lot of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural metal purification: |
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Definition
| The metal bonds with sulfur in a hot liquid environment and settles to the bottom of the liquid. |
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Term
| Fe2+ is found in ____ environments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fe3+ is found in ____ environments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Four important mineral resources: |
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Definition
| Iron, aluminum, phosphorus, salts |
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Term
| Aluminum can only be found in ____ environments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three ways in which mineral ores are enriched: |
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Definition
| Chemical weathering (leeching), hydrothermal cycling, sedimentary processes (salts from evaporites) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant matter decaying in a high-pressure, anaerobic environment (terrestrial) |
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Term
| Oil and natural gas are formed when |
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Definition
| Dead plankton are deposited on sea floor, become covered in tons of sediment and heat up in an anaerobic environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a surface to reflect light |
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Term
| Six factors affect global climate change: |
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Definition
| Milankovitch cycles, atmospheric composition, ocean circulation, 11-year solar cycle, plate tectonics, albedo |
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Term
| Plate tectonics affects climate because: |
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Definition
| glaciation occurs when land is distributed at poles, and dry lands occur in the middle of large continents |
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Term
| Oxygen-16 is distributed in the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| During periods of glaciation, shells show higher levels of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive feedback and CO2 levels: |
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Definition
| Decomposition releases CO2. Increased CO2 levels cause warmer temperatures. Warmer temperatures speed decomposition. |
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Term
| Water density is determined by ____ and ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water density affects its ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Sun's output increases by __% every ___ years. |
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Definition
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Term
| Substances analyzed in ice cores: |
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Definition
| isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium) and oxygen (O-16 and O-18), dust (desert aerosols), and marine aerosols (salts) |
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Term
| Natural aerosols are caused by: |
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Definition
| volcanism, water vapor, wind (dust), sea salt |
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Term
| Deposition of contaminated aerosols is most likely to occur in areas of: |
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Definition
| high elevation, high vegetation, high precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| wet deposition (aerosols are knocked out of suspension by precipitation) and dry deposition (aerosols stick to vegetation or rock) |
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Term
| Global temperatures fluctuate ___° between glacial and interglacial periods. |
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Definition
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Term
| When lead is deposited onto soils, it ____. |
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Definition
| binds with the minerals in the top layer of the soil and remains inert. |
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Term
| Acid and metal pollution is caused by: |
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Definition
| Coal-fire power plants, combustion of leaded gasoline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If pH = 4, H+ concentration = ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The acids produced by coal fire power plants are usually deposited in areas of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acids dissolve ___ in the soil, which is then free to poison aquatic organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Trees take up nutrients by secreting ____ which displace ____. |
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Definition
| secreting acids, which displace cationic nutrients. |
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Term
| Acid rain displaces _____ that plants need. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acid rain causes _____ in trees. |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium deficiency is a problem in trees where ____. |
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Definition
| the bedrock is quartzite or granite |
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Term
| Deposition of pollutants is most obvious at high elevations because of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Elemental mercury can easily change ___. |
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Definition
| phase - from a liquid to a gas |
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Term
| How does mercury get into the soil? |
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Definition
| Trees breathe in mercury, it accumulates in the plant tissues and is deposited as leaf litter. |
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Term
| Formula for methylmercury: |
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Definition
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Term
| Methylization occurs in ____. |
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Definition
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