Term
| Sediment deposition is greatest in... |
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Definition
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Term
| There has been a ___ in sediment deposition on ____. |
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Definition
| Decrease in sediment deposition on coastlines. |
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Term
| Why has sediment deposition on coastlines decreased? |
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Definition
| Most sediment is trapped before it reaches the coast, usually because of dams. |
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Term
| What problems might be caused by decreased sediment deposition on coastlines? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sediment deposition from oceans, sediment deposition from streams, mass wasting from nearby cliffs |
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Term
| Outputs of beach budgets: |
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Definition
| sediment loss to oceans, wind, longshore drift. |
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Term
| Wave motion is caused by... |
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Definition
| friction between air and water |
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Term
| When depth to ocean bottom is ____ the wavelength, the wave will ___. |
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Definition
| less than half the wavelength, the wave will break. |
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Term
| The greater the angle the at which the waves hit the coastline, ____ |
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Definition
| the greater the sediment displacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| low elevation, gradual slope, no tectonic activity. Even small changes in sea level can be catastrophic. |
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Term
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Definition
| cliffsides, tectonic activity present, changes in sea elevation kept in check |
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Term
| The saturated zone is also called: |
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Definition
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Term
| In the saturated zone, all ___. |
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Definition
| all pore spaces between soil particles are filled with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| body of underground material that stores and transmits water. |
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Term
| In the saturated zone, water flows... |
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Definition
| according to differences in pressure. |
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Term
| Water will flow from ____ to ____. |
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Definition
| flow from high potential energy to low potential energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| shear strength over shear stress |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| internal angle of friction |
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Term
| Equation of factpr of safety: |
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Definition
| C + (pgHcostheta - p(w)gW)tanphi / pgHsintheta |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in water table elevation / distance between the two sample points |
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Term
| Downstream of dam construction, we see: |
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Definition
| beach erosion, elimination of point bars, increase in invasive species |
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Term
| Water behind dams is often... |
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Definition
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Term
| Controlled floods attempt to |
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Definition
| build new beaches, flush out stream sediments |
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Term
| Controlled floods fail to meet their goals because: |
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Definition
| these occasional floods can't reach the levels of sediment deposition of pre-dam continual flows. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical, biological, chemical |
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Term
| Physical water pollution includes: |
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Definition
| thermal changes, sediment deposition |
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Term
| Chemical water pollution includes: |
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Definition
| fertilizers, radioactive waste, heavy metals |
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Term
| Biological water pollution includes: |
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Definition
| pathogens (usually in the form of human waste, fecal coliforms), organic matter from algae blooms |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive nutrients in a body of water |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of oxygen in a body of water, usually due to mass decay of organic matter after eutrophication |
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Term
| Waste management techniques, from earliest to most recent: |
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Definition
| dilute and disperse, concentrate and contain, resource recovery |
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Term
| Integrated waste management: |
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Definition
| limit amount of raw material that can be extracted to promote recycling |
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Term
| The integrated waste management system is based on... |
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Definition
| the system of the climax forest, which can get virtually all its nutrients from recycling, or reabsorption. |
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Term
| Can hazardous wastes be diluted? |
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Definition
| No; usually levels of solvent needed are far too high to neutralize the waste |
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Term
| Storage complications involved with radioactive waste: |
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Definition
| waste is very hot, climate of storage site might shift to unfavorable before waste has decomposed |
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Term
| Pros of the Yucca Mountain storage area: |
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Definition
| internally drained, dry, insoluble rock, remote, already contaminated |
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Term
| Cons of Yucca Mountain storage area: |
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Definition
| land is rifting (some geological activity), fairly recent basalt flows, water vapor in tuff could be vaporized, cracks in tuff do occur |
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Term
| Iodine: Southern US is ___, Northern US is ___. |
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Definition
| Southern US is iodine-rich, Northern US is iodine-poor. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles with enough energy to strip electrons from their atoms |
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Term
| Natural radioactivity emitted from |
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Definition
| uranium, thorium, potassium isotopes, cosmic rays |
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Term
| Greatest radiation exposure comes from ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Atom has more neutrons than protons, and so a neutron splits into a proton and an electron. The electron is ejected. Net gain of proton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom is unstable because it is too large. Reduces mass by ejecting an alpha particle (one proton and one neutron). |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom sucks an electron from the electron cloud into the nucleus. Electron fuses with a proton to produce a neutron. Net loss of proton. |
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