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| the study of life through geologic time; the reconstruction of fossils as living organisms |
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| from Latin meaning "dug up"; remains, traces or imprints of once living organisms preserved in sedimentary rocks and that are evidence of ancient life. |
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| includes all living organisms interacting with the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere to maintain a steady-state system of energy flow |
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| sum total of physical, chemical and biotic conditions influencing the responses of organisms |
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| specific set of physical and chemical conditions of a species or community |
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| topographic area characterized by both uniform physical conditions and biota. |
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| study of the processes and evolution of the coupled Earth-life system through time; it integrated data and hypotheses from stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochemistry, molecular biology, climate modeling and paleontology. |
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| investigations employing observation, identification, description, and experiment to develop theoretical explanations of natural phenomena |
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| the principles and processes of scientific study to gain knowledge; rules for concept formation, conduct of observations and experiments, and validation of hypotheses by observations and experiments. |
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| by human senses aided by instruments; testable and repeatable by others using accurate & precise observations and terms |
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| multiple observations related to some question or phenomenon |
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| one or more suggested explanations or predictions/retrodictions of the data set |
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| predict next outcome, event or observation and gather additional data about those outcomes |
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| well-tested hypothesis accepted by many scientists and used to produce results |
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| generally accepted principles that explain phenomena |
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| from particular to general; to conclude all class members have a feature seen in a sample |
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| from general to particular; following from the premises of proposition and assumptions |
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| having no errors; Latin: "done with care" |
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| action repeated within narrow limits; Latin: "to shorten" |
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| a body of rock characterized by its lithology, its observable mappable features: group, formation and member |
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| a body of rock strata characterized by its fossil content (biozone) |
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| a stratigraphic interval having a constant magnetic field (polarity zone/chron) |
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| 542 to Present, hard shelled metazoans |
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| 2500-542 Ma, metasedimentary strata |
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| 630-542 Ma, begins in Norway and Australia |
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| 4.6-2.5 Ga, origin of the Earth to Proterozoic |
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| archaebacteria that feed on sulphur, formed through hydrothermal springs |
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| eubacteria use sunlight, cell with organelles, modern protists, plants and animals; orginated through photosynthesis or making new cell walls |
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| organisms that dwell upon (epifauna) or in (infauna) the substrate (distance above sediment/water interface) |
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| organisms that dwell within the water column |
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| all individuals that draw their genes from the same pool, and if they reproduce, return genes there |
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| the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of any and all relationships between them |
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| scientific naming and classification into groups by morphology |
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| one of a kind specimen that represents the species |
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| species defined by their physical biochemical characters |
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| intergrading sets of morphologically distinct populations |
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| look the same, but reproductively isolated, while living in the same place |
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| reproductive isolation due to geographic separation |
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| reproductive isolation after originally mating randomly (finches) |
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| reproductive isolation due to partial geographic isolation |
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| groups that look different and the variation is so large that it is expected to produce reproductive isolation |
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| continuous, slow transformation (anagenetic) |
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| local, rapid changes, followed by stasis |
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| changes in rates of change from ancestors to descendants: size, shape, time of development |
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| rapid growth, extended juvenile stages causes organism to grow larger |
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| slow down growth, ancestor juvenile becomes descendant's adult stage |
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| hox genes control other genes during embryonic growth |
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| evolution driven by the environment |
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| evolution is constant, so number of species is constant |
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| mutations, competition, environment |
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| number of taxa and number of individuals |
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| development of organism interactions that affect changes in both (ie flowering plans/insects) |
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| promotion and maintenance of fitness of species or functional effect having selective benefit |
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| descendants are typically larger than their ancestors |
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