Term
| What was the Marinoan Glaciation and what happened after it? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
| Last snowball event; rise in 02 |
|
|
Term
| What were the 3 phases of the rise of oxygen after the Marinoan Glaciation? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
1) Increase in SO4 in ocean
2) Oxygenation of deep ocean
3) Final rise to modern levels |
|
|
Term
| What is tied to the rise in oxygen after the Marinoan Glaciation? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
| Appearance of multi-cellular animals |
|
|
Term
| What were three attributes of the first Ediacaran multicellular animals? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
1) Complex cell clusters
2) Soft-bodied Ediacaran Fauna
3) Carbonate skeletons/shells |
|
|
Term
| What is multicellularity? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
| Colonial, clonal, and multicellular aggregates |
|
|
Term
Multicellularity requires:
What is the problem with multicellularity? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
- Specialization and interdependence
- Overcoming 'cheating' cells |
|
|
Term
| What is Volvocine algae? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
| living group of eukaryotes that can be experimentally induced to switch from interdependent single cells to true multicellular aggregates |
|
|
Term
| What is the Doushantuo Formation, China, when does it represent, and what does it mean? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
- Candidate fossil embryos, about 570 Ma
- Show Palintomy (increase in cell number but not size) which is not unique to animal embryos
- Positive evidence for complex cell aggregates |
|
|
Term
| What is the Lantian Assemblage (long description), and when does it represent? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
- Carbonaceous imprints of large complex organsims found in deep water shales; clearly show specialization of body parts; not clear if animals or plants, but definitely multicellular eukaryotes
- about 630-610 Ma (poorly dated) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ediacaran Fauna and when does it represent? |
|
Definition
- global, soft-bodied, large, shallow and deep marine, variety of body plans, evolve
- about 579-541 Ma |
|
|
Term
| What are Rangeomorphs? (Ediacaran) |
|
Definition
| large organisms assembled from multiple, repeated parts that are themselves arranged in the same way from even smaller parts; thin sheets of cells over metabolically inert 'jelly'; osmotrophic (feed by absorbing nutrients passively) |
|
|
Term
What are Sponges?
When was the earliest purported sponge fossils? |
|
Definition
- multicellular aggregates, but no tissues or organs; contain spicules
- 760-550 Ma in Otavi and Nama groups in Namibia Africa; predate Marinoan Glaciation |
|
|
Term
| Explain the organization of bilaterian bodies. |
|
Definition
| Cells are organized in embryo by chemical gradients; triploblasty (3 layers); coelom provides a hydrostatic skeleton; triploblasty = bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Term
| What does Segmentation allow? |
|
Definition
| Allows the body to be divided into specialized modules. |
|
|
Term
| Where are Hox genes present? |
|
Definition
| In ALL bilaterian organisms (flat worms to humans) |
|
|
Term
| What is Kimberella evidence for? |
|
Definition
| Evidence of muscle-propelled movement, through-going gut, and internal body cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What happened during the Cambrian Substrate revolution? |
|
Definition
| Microbial mats were disturbed by burrowing. |
|
|
Term
| What is Trepichnus pedum? |
|
Definition
| Trace fossil that defines the base of the Cambrian Destruction of mats loosened sediment and released buried nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| Describe skeletonization. |
|
Definition
| Armor, claws/teeth, structural support, leverage; acquired independently in animal lineages that had already split in neoproterozoic; many different materials |
|
|
Term
| Describe Small Shelly Fauna. |
|
Definition
| Shells, spicules, sclerites; CaCO3 and CaPO4 |
|
|
Term
| What as the Burgess Shale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Cambrian characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Crown groups vs. Stem groups |
|
|
Term
| What came of the rise in marine diversity during the Cambrian? |
|
Definition
| Partly evolution of new types of animals and partly preservability of skeletons. |
|
|
Term
| What were established by the end of the Cambrian? (two) |
|
Definition
| All major phyla and classes (body plans appear early and remain stable). |
|
|
Term
| What happened to marine ecosystems during the Cambrian Explosion? |
|
Definition
| Major marine ecosystems established; reef-building, predation, burrowing |
|
|
Term
| What was Gondwana? (Early Paleozoic) |
|
Definition
| Southern Continents; Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia |
|
|
Term
| What happened in the Carbon cycle during the Early Paleozoic? |
|
Definition
| SPICE and Hirnantian positive excursions |
|
|
Term
| What were the main points of interest during the Ordovician? |
|
Definition
| "Paleozoic" style organisms; first animal traces on land by early Ordovician; first plant fragments and spores by middle Ordovician |
|
|
Term
| Describe the End-Ordivician mass extinction. (percent lost, etc) |
|
Definition
| about 49% genera lost; double hit (beginning and end of hirnantian); cool-water Hirnantian fauna spreads worldwide during event |
|
|
Term
| How did the Paleozoic fauna react during the Middle Paleozoic? |
|
Definition
| Rapid recovery after the End-Ordivican mass extinction; especially reefs (coral and stromatoporoid) |
|
|
Term
| What time period were shallow marine communities similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Gnathostomes and when did they appear? |
|
Definition
| Jawed vertebrates; appear by late silurian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Armor plated; teeth independently acquired from crown group gnathostomes |
|
|
Term
| What were jaws modified from? |
|
Definition
| gill arches (include Chondrichthyes) |
|
|
Term
| Fish with a swim-bladder/lung included: |
|
Definition
| Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From Sarcopterygians; modification of limbs and origin of flexible neck; Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, Ichthyostega; transition occurred in the late Devonian. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Arthropods on Land and when the earliest body fossil was. |
|
Definition
Pre-adapted with external, waterproof skeleton and internal fertilization;spiracle adapted for breathing
Earliest body fossil = late silurian; firs insects in Early Devonian Rhynie Chert (another lagerstatten) |
|
|
Term
| Describe vascular plants. |
|
Definition
| Middle Silurian Cooksonia; Stomata and tracheids. |
|
|
Term
| Describe wood. (lignin and cellulose) |
|
Definition
Cellulose = Tension
Lignin = Compression
Hard to break down; forests with canopy, understory, and ground cover by Middle Devonian. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Late Devonian Elkinsia - heterospory, integument, pollen-recieving structure - freedom of plants from water for reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what happened in the Late Devonian mass extinction. |
|
Definition
| About 50% marine genera lost; End-Givetian, Lower and upper Kellwasser, and Hangenberg positive carbon Isotope excursions - each associated with sea level drops followed by flooding of anoxic waters on shallow marine shelves and epicontinetal seas; low latitude alpine glaciation in Appalachians. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Late Paleozoic ice age. |
|
Definition
| Diamictites, dropstones, and striations on southern continents. |
|
|
Term
| What happened as plant life expanded? (wood, CO2, etc) |
|
Definition
| Consumed CO2 from atmosphere by making wood (buried rather than decayed) and increased weathering rates as root sytems evolved; left O2 as waste product in the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| How can we tell what the CO2 and O2 levels were during the expansion of plant life? |
|
Definition
| Large arthropods sugget very high O2 levels, and density of plant stomata shows low CO2 levels. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the ancestral Rockies found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Mid-Carboniferous unconformity show? |
|
Definition
| Separates Mississippian and Pennsylvanian |
|
|
Term
| When was the lowest point of global sea level in the Phanerozoic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Marine life in the Carboniferous and Early/Middle Permian. |
|
Definition
| Stable and relatively low diversity in the Carboniferous, but increases in the Early and Middle Permian; no reefs early, but extensive reefs in Permian (sponges, bryozoans, and algae) |
|
|
Term
| When would the Amniota be found and what were they? |
|
Definition
About 340 Ma
Claws or nails; no water-breathing larvae or embryonic stage; internal fertilization; egg |
|
|
Term
| When were the Sauropsids and Synapside? (two different times) |
|
Definition
Sauropsids - 310 Ma
Synapsids - 320 Ma |
|
|
Term
| Describe the End-Permian mass extinction. |
|
Definition
| About 79% marine genera lost; Extinction pulse was <200 kyr but earth system remained perturbed for several Myr; coincide with the beginning of Siberian Traps; negative initial Carbon isotope excursion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release of CO2 and SO2 caused weathering and acidification |
|
|
Term
| Who was affected by the End-Permian mass extinction? |
|
Definition
| hit calcified animals with poor abilities to adjust to high CO2 levels |
|
|
Term
| What were developing on the Atlantic Margin in North American during the Early Mesozoic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Sonoma Orogeny found and what is it? |
|
Definition
Western North American,
Period of mountain building during the Permian/Triassic |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Early Triassic aftermath and how long was it? |
|
Definition
| End-permian extinction aftermath, continued perturbation of Carbon cycle for 4-5 Myr. Extreme global warmth; high weathering rates; anoxia in oceans; slow thermohaline circulation |
|
|
Term
| How did disaster fauna react to the Early Triassic aftermath of the End-Permian Extinction? |
|
Definition
| Adapted to low oxygen bottom water condition; Lystrosaurus on land |
|
|
Term
| What is caused ny an Anoxic ocean? |
|
Definition
| Slow thermohaline circulation, and requires elevated nutrient delivery system to oceans. |
|
|
Term
| What isotope in the Early Mesozoic indicates high weathering rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Marine Realm during the early Mesozoic (Triassic)? What kinds of faunas were present? (describe reefs in the first part) |
|
Definition
| reefs re-evolve based on modern corals (scleractinian corals; photosymbionts); faunas include groups left form Paleozoic as well as roots of modern marine animals. |
|
|
Term
| What happened during the Synapsid evolution? What forms by the End of the Late Triassic? |
|
Definition
Cynodonts - Secondary palate, specialized teeth, more advanced jaw, whiskers/hair
Mammalia formes by Late Triassic |
|
|
Term
| What happened during the Sauropsid evolution? What forms by the End of the Late Triassic? |
|
Definition
Extensive diversification including marine and flying forms; archosaurs develop an erect limb orientation (crocodilians and dinosaurs)
Dinosaurs appear by the Late Triassic |
|
|
Term
| Describe the End-Triassic mass extinction. |
|
Definition
| About 55% of marine genera (mostly Paleozoic leftovers that never really did well in the Triassic); a sharp negative carbon excursion that coincides with the beginning of Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) |
|
|
Term
| What was the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province? |
|
Definition
| Flood basalts and volcanism associated with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. |
|
|
Term
| Which opened first - North or South Atlantic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does Geology 106 have nothing to with rocks, and instead teach us about microbiology? What are the only kinds of rocks that mater? |
|
Definition
No frieking clue.
Oil rocks. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Nevadan, Sevier, and Laramide Orogeny. |
|
Definition
Nevadan - Jurassic
Sevier - Cretaceous; thick skinned
Laramide - beginning in the Jurassic-Creataceous, thick skinned |
|
|
Term
| What happened to the sea level in the Late mesozoic, and what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| Rising sea level, (Sundance sea and Western Interior Seaway) highest Phanerozoic sea level and elevated CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What was the Zuni Sloss sequence? |
|
Definition
| Cretaceous, highest Phanerozoic sea level and elevated CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is Louann Salt and when/ where was it deposited? |
|
Definition
| Evaporite formation during the Mid-Jurassic in the Gulf of Mexico |
|
|
Term
| Please describe the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. |
|
Definition
| Started in Triassic but takes off in Jrassic/Cretaceous; appearance of numerous groups of predators that puncture or crush shells starts an arms race with prey items evolving stronger and more elaborate shells than in the Paleozoic and deeper burrowing rather than living on the sea floor. |
|
|
Term
| What originated in the Jurassic (Ocean) and what did it cause? |
|
Definition
| Origin of many Planktonic groups which resulted in chalk seas; new seas included Inoceramids - large flat clams that 'floated' on the sea floor and provided a hard substrate for communities of encrusters |
|
|
Term
| Describe the differences in reefs during the Jurassic and Cretaceous |
|
Definition
| Dominated by sponges in the Jurassic and Rudist Bivalves in the Cretaceous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dinosaurs - dominant large terrestrial vertebrates (herbivores and carnivores)
tow main lineages: Saurischia (lizard-hipped) and Ornthischia (bird-hipped) |
|
|
Term
| Describe birds in the Late Jurassic and where they came from. |
|
Definition
| Archaeopteryx in Late Jurassic; descended from saurischia; have feathers; but no beak or fused breastbone and still a long tail |
|
|
Term
| Describe mammals in the Late Jurassic. |
|
Definition
| Juramia is earliest undisputed mammal; simpler stronger jaw, tooth replacement, prismatic enamel. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three still living lineages of mammals from the Late Jurassic? |
|
Definition
Monotremata - milk but still lay eggs
Metatheria - marsupials
Eutheria - placental mammals |
|
|
Term
| Describe plants in the Late Jurassic. |
|
Definition
| Archaefructis in Early Cretaceous is earliest angiosperm; flowers, endosperm with seeds, fruit; Angiosperms are sister group of gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, ginkos) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Cretaceous Terrestrial revolution. |
|
Definition
| Dinosaurs and gymnosperms dominated large organisms, but warm-blooded mammals and birds were all diversifying as small organisms. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the End-Cretaceous Impact. |
|
Definition
| 10 km asteroid in Yucatan Peninsula; iridium layer, shocked quartz, microspherules; different expression of event at different distances from impact site. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the End-Cretaceous mass extinction. (organisms) |
|
Definition
| About 60% marine species including marine reptiles, ammonoids, rudists, inoceramids, and plankton. Deep ocean unscathed. Dinosaurs were lost, but organisms in water or burrows appeared to have fared better. Rapid recovery. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the immediate and long term consequences of the End-Cretaceous mass extinction. |
|
Definition
| Tsunami, ejecta blanket, and thermal pulse and appear to have affected North America (close to impact). Long term consequences include acid rain from CO2 and SO2 released from vaporized carbonate platforms as well as dust and soot. NO oceanic anoxia and NO strong global warming. Rapid recovery. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Laramide Orogeny and where was it found? |
|
Definition
| Period of mountain building in western North America. |
|
|
Term
| What happened due to the subduction of Farallon Plate in the Pacific Ocean? |
|
Definition
| Start of the San Andreas strike-slip (transform) fault; coincides with begging of Rio Grande rift and further extension of the Basin and Range of Western north America |
|
|
Term
| Describe temperatures and temperature patterns in the Early Cenozoic. (PETM) |
|
Definition
| Time of globally warm climate; PETM = extreme negative carbon isotope excursion; release of carbon <20 kyr, but return to pre-PETM levels took about 200 kyr; rise in temperature (5-8 C) |
|
|
Term
| What did the PETM during the Early Cenozoic cause in organisms? |
|
Definition
| Caused redistribution of terrestrial organisms (arrival of primates, ancient horses, and split-hoofed mammals in NOrth America) and extinction of archaic mammals |
|
|
Term
| What is PETM and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum; The most extreme change in earth surface conditions during the Cenozoic era. |
|
|
Term
| What happened to mammals during the Early Cenozoic? |
|
Definition
| Radiation of mammals rooted in the Cretaceous (many lineages split before end-cretaceous extinction event); Paleocene had archaic forms (creodonts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypothermal caused by the PETM; Early Eocene Climatic Optimum |
|
|
Term
| What was the Cenozoic climate after the EECO? |
|
Definition
| general cooling trend (based on deep ocean water temperatures); cooling form Paleocene through Oligocene associated with decreasing CO2 but not much change in CO2 since beginning of Miocene |
|
|
Term
| Basin and Range during the Later Paleogene and Neogene extend what until present day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau during the late Paleogene and Neogene. |
|
Definition
| Collision of India and Asia starts 50 Ma; about 22 Ma Tibetan Plateau begins to rise; Sr isotopes indicate increase in global warming rates due to the rise of HImalaya and Tibet between 50 and 20 Ma. Coincides with global cooling trend and drop in CO2 levels |
|
|
Term
| What is associated with the climate during the Eocene-Oligocene? |
|
Definition
| Cooling trend during Eocene until deep ocean temp drop at E/O boundary; associated with the first ice sheet in Anarctica. |
|
|
Term
| Eocene-Oligocene cooling caused North America to Chnge how, and why? |
|
Definition
| Forest to parkland savannah; opening of oceanic passages (DRake passage/Tasmanian seaway) and initiation of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) |
|
|
Term
| Describe CO2 levels during the Miocene and what does this mean for grasslands? |
|
Definition
| CO2 dropped close to modern levels; expansion of grasslands; evidence for this expansion = phytoliths (silica grains in grass cells) and hypsodonty index (high crowned teeth that could eat this grass) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the grass that allowed for the expansion of grasslands. |
|
Definition
| Grew form base rather than tip; allowed herbivores to consume without destroying the plant. |
|
|
Term
| When was the closure of the Eastern Mediterranean? |
|
Definition
| about 15 Ma; trapping Black sea and Caspian Sea within Asian land mass. |
|
|
Term
| When was the closure of the Western Mediterranean? What does it lead to? |
|
Definition
| about 6-5 Ma; Messinian salinity Crisis. |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by the rise of the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene? |
|
Definition
| isolated Atlantic from Pacific and changed delivery of moisture and heat from equator to poles - with more moisture transported to North Atlantic, more snow could accumulate leading to ice-albedo feedback; cause for global cooling without change in CO2 levels. |
|
|
Term
| What caused global cooling in the Pliocene without changing CO2 levels? |
|
Definition
| Closing of the Isthmus of Panama, causing a seperation between the Atlantic and Pacific, ice-albedo feedback in moisture |
|
|
Term
| When was there an exchange of mammal faunas between the Americas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the cyclicity of oxygen isotope values and noisiness from the Pliocene to present day. |
|
Definition
2.6-1.2 Ma = about 40 kyr cyclicity
1.2-0 Ma = about 100 kyr cyclicity |
|
|
Term
| What indicates cooler temps and growth of ice sheets during the Quaternary? |
|
Definition
| Max oxygen isotope values indicate cooler temps AND growth of continental ice sheets |
|
|
Term
| Describe Ice ages in the Quaternary. |
|
Definition
| moraines (diamictite) found throughout northern hemisphere, indicating multiple periods of extensive ice sheet growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First to propose the earth had undergone an ice age. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Milankovitch Orbital cycles. |
|
Definition
| eccentricity (circle or ellipse) (400 & 100 kyr), obliquity/tilt (40 kyr cycle), precession/orientaion of the rotational axis (20 kyr); confirmed using deep ocean cores in the 1970's |
|
|
Term
| When do Ice sheets grow the fastest? |
|
Definition
| Cool summers, Warm winters |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Inter-tropical Convergence zone. What does it cause? |
|
Definition
| Area of low pressure where warm air rises where sun heats the earth most; causes precipitation and directs winds towards the ITCZ; results in tropical monsoon |
|
|
Term
| What do tropical monsoons respond to? and why? |
|
Definition
| respond to 20 kyr precession cycle; tilt direction is more influential than distance from the sun. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the overall climate/ climate vaiability of the Quaternary and what does this mean for humans? |
|
Definition
| overall cold and high climate variability in a global context for the entire history of humans. |
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