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| universe exploded and continues to expand |
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| collisions of fast moving, close atoms in a star create heavier elements |
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| all materials in a star blow up (H, He, heavier elements); form 2nd generation stars from debris |
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| created by supernova explosions; contain elements heavier than Fe |
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1. supernova explosion
2. gravity pulls in debris, forms swirling mass of gas
3. planetary nebula forms
4. materials clump and cool to form planets |
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| what caused iron catastrophe |
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| as pressure increases, so does |
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| why is there molten outer core and solid inner core |
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| molten outer because iron has low mp, solid inner because pressure wins vs temp |
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| 100km to 350 km; plastic mantle |
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| upper rigid mantle and crust; plates |
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| continental crust; fine grained, igneous, extrusive |
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| oceanic crust; fine grained, w/olivine, extrusive |
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| intrusive basalt; coarse grained |
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| heat generated by radioactive decay moves around mantle |
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| diversion; convection cells move apart, creates rift valley and basalts erupt |
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| ocean water sinks down into fractures, heats up and rises |
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| mid ocean ridges at spreading centers |
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| mid-atlantic ridge, east pacific rise, indo-autralian ridge |
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| spreading center under continent; forms rift faults and valleys |
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| oceanic crust being subducted under oceanic or continental crust; oceanic crust melts forming adesite magma |
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| what do subduction zones create |
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| deep ocean trenches, accretionary edges from scraping, forearc basic , volcanic arc |
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| subducting oceanic plate under continental causes cont-cont collision, forming high mountains |
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| plates moving in opposite directions between spreading centers |
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| not at plate boundary; form over rising mantle plumes forming volcanic chain of islands like hawaii |
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| new oceanic plate slides down side of spreading center |
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| cold dense oceanic crust into hot mantle |
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| measure of deformation from stress |
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| place where rupture takes place |
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| place on earths surface over focus |
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| what carries the strain energy that's released |
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long wave-side to side shearing
Raleigh wave- up and down rolling |
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| longitudinal; displacement and propagation in same direction; side to side; arrive up down |
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| transverse; displacement perpendicular to propagation; up and down; shear; arrive side2side |
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| data; measures ground motion |
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| using 3 seismic centers to determine epicenter |
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| log (amplitude A/ period T) |
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| ground displacement, landslides, pancaking buildings, freeways collapse, tsunamis |
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| good earthquake construction |
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| cross beams, flexible steel frame, rollers |
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| earthquake foci increase in depth away from a |
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| descending slab being subducted |
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| core can't transmit ____ waves because it is liquid |
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| strain= stress, reversible |
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| strain>stress, irreversible, bending |
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| stress>rupture strength, irreversible, breaking |
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| motion is along dip of plane; normal and reverse |
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| hanging wall moves down relative to footwall; happen because of tension at spreading centers, form horsts and grabens |
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| hanging wall moves up relative to footwall; happen because of compression at sub zones |
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| motion is along strike of plane; shearing; called transform at plate boundaries |
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| part strike slip part dip slip |
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| folding up; older rock in center; dip away from center |
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| folds down; youngest rock in center; dip is towards center |
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| forms u shape contacts in direction of plunge |
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| forms u shaped contacts opposite of plunge |
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| bullseye contact pattern, oldest rock in center |
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| bullseye contact pattern, youngest rock in center |
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| both limbs lying flat; ductile deformation over brittle deformation |
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folding compression at convergence
horsts and grabens by divergence/tension
volcanic eruptions |
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| erosion of mtn raises root in plastic mantle, but pushes mtn father down as well |
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| solidified magma; angular interlocking grains; granite |
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| compaction/cementation of sediment; rounded grains w/cement in between; conglomerate |
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| changed due to temp and pressure; angular interlocking grains with alignment or foliation; gneiss |
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natural, inorganic, homogenous solid
definite but varying chem composition
crystal structure |
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| same element and protons, different neutrons |
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nesosilicate
chain silicate
band silicate
sheet silicate
framework silicate |
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| tendency for a mineral to break in a pattern |
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