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| a giant crater formed in the top of a volcano when the cone collapses; often fills with rainwater making a lake |
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| man-made, artificial river; see also ship canal |
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| a river valley with very steep sides; the American expression for a gorge, e.g. the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River |
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| finance or money needed as an input to start and maintain a business or a farm |
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| geological time when Britain was covered by warm seas and limestone and the coal seams were deposited |
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| a person who makes or draws maps; today satellites and computer technology are used |
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| a crop sold to earn money like tea, coffee, or bananas as opposed to a subsistence crop like rice which is eaten by the farmer and his family |
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| a hollow space in a cliff where the sea has attacked and widened cracks or faults |
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| an underground cave in limestone country formed by corrosion and solution and often containing stalactites and stalagmites |
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| Central Business District (C.B.D.) |
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| the commercial and business centre of a city, the area with the highest land values containing shops, offices and entertainments but FEW houses |
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| cultivated grasses grown for their edible grain; e.g. wheat, barley ,oats, rice |
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| the course of a river where it flows, made up of banks and bed |
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| white clay (kaolin) found in Cornwall and used in the pottery and paper industries; the Eden Centre is in an old kaolin quarry |
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| breakdown of rocks by acid rain dissolving limestone/chalk; the stonework of King's College Chapel has to be replaced because of this process |
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| disease spread by dirty drinking water; is a secondary effect of natural disasters like earthquakes (Haiti) and floods (the recent Pakistan flooding of the River Indus) |
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| an armchair-shaped hollow on a mountainside where snow collects, turns to ice, and then begins to erode the rock by sliding under the influence of gravity; it is where a glacier often starts; cirque is the French word, corrie is the Scottish word, and cwm is the Welsh word |
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| very high, wispy, feather-like cloud made of ice crystals; nick-named The Mare's Tail it often forecasts rain to come |
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| oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit that require high temperatures to ripen and are therefore found around the Mediterranean Sea and in the Tropics |
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| the high, steep rock face where the land meets the sea |
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| the AVERAGE weather data over 50 to 100 years or more |
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| an instrument for measuring slopes and gradients |
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| a Sedimentary Rock formed when vegetation and trees were buried in ancient swamps and decayed; see also lignite and methane |
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| the dividing line where a cold air mass is advancing on and going under a warmer air mass; see also warm front, frontal rain |
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| where two continental plates collide (India crashing into Eurasia creating the Himalayas); there is no subduction here and so there are earthquakes but no volcanoes |
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| a small armchair-shaped hollow on a chalk hillside like The North and South Downs, the Cotswolds or the Chilterns; many place names of villages use this word |
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| where crops or animals are sold for money and profit as opposed to subsistence farming |
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| Common Agricultural Policy (C.A.P.) |
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| the system of rules and regulations within the E.U. designed to enable farmers to make a good income and to produce large quantities of essential foods; see also overproduction, surplus, set-aside and Single Farm Payment |
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| high order goods or products that cost a lot and so are not bought very often, such as electronics, fridges or cars |
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| instrument used to identify direction |
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| bits and pieces, finished products themselves, assembled to make another finished product; for example, a car is made of thousands of components like tyres, windscreens, brakes, light bulbs, leather seats all made in other factories and put together (assembled) in the car factory; a computer is put together from components made of metal, plastic, glass, silicon chips; see also secondary industry |
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| a person who travels a distance from a village or town to work in another town or city usually by road or rail; many children commute to school; see also dormitory town (village) |
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| a slope that is gentle to start with at the bottom (contour lines spaced out) and then becomes steeper towards the top (contour lines close together). When standing at the top you can see all the slope right to the bottom; there is intervisibility and, in cross-section, the shape is like a CAVE ! |
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| the shape of a volcano; can be a tall, steep-sided composite cone (made of ash and viscous lava) or a flatter, wider shield cone (made of runny lava) |
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| invisible gas becoming visible liquid; in the Water Cycle the droplets of water vapour form clouds as the temperature falls |
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| the clash between the needs or wishes of tourists, residents and farmers in national parks, e.g. peace and quiet/traffic jams and pollution, jobs/high house prices, bed and breakfast money/crops trampled |
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| the point at which two rivers merge to form one bigger river, i.e. the Blue and White Niles meeting at Khartoum, Sudan |
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| traffic jams; see also Park and Ride, and road pricing |
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| a round topped hill with circular contour lines increasing in height towards the peak (summit) of the hill |
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| softwood forest of cone-bearing trees like fir, pine, spruce; also called evergreen because the trees lose their needles (leaves) all the year round but also keep some all year; see also deciduous forest, mixed forest and taiga |
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| looking after, protecting and preserving resources and the environment so that they are available for future generations; see also management, sustainable development and stewardship |
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| where two plates slide past each other and crust is neither formed nor destroyed; there is no subduction here and so there are earthquakes but no volcanoes; San Francisco, California 1989 and Haiti 2010 are examples |
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| where two plates move apart from each other and new crust is formed; as magma erupts and solidifies on the seabed as lava the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was formed, and underwater volcanoes emerged as islands like Iceland and Surtsey |
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| consumer goods (industry) |
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| industry producing items used in the home such as food, clothes and domestic appliances (T.Vs., refridgerators, computers) |
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| a large steel box that can hold a variety of cargoes securely and can be refrigerated; it can be quickly loaded from ships to lorries to trains and therefore enables goods to be moved cheaply |
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| like Felixstowe or Harwich, it has the special gantry cranes used for loading and unloading containers |
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| large ship designed to carry only containers; see also bulk carrier and supertanker |
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| the slow movement of the continents and oceans on the surface of the earth; the shapes of Africa and South America would suggest that they were once joined together and have drifted apart; see also plate tectonics, convection currents, Pangaea, Gondwanaland and Laurasia |
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| slab of the earth's crust consisting of mainly land areas; it is thicker but less dense than oceanic plate; example the African Plate |
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| the shallow area of sea or ocean just off the edge of a continent; the British Isles sit on the continental shelf off the north west of Europe |
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| a brown line on an O.S. map joining all points of the same height above mean sea level; figures are in metres (m.); see also vertical (contour) interval, concave and convex slopes |
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| when a farmer ploughs around a hillside following the contours of the slope, not ploughing straight up and down a hill; contour ploughing helps prevent soil erosion by water by making horizontal ridges and furrows that hold back the water; ploughing straight up and down makes little vertical gullies which help soil erosion because the water rushes down these artificial channels under the influence of gravity taking soil with it |
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| a large urban area that has resulted from the growth and merging of two or more cities; e.g. London, Merseyside (Liverpool and Manchester), New York and the east coast of the U.S.A. south to Washington; see also mega-city, urbanisation and urban sprawl |
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| rainfall caused by the sun heating the ground (or rivers or forests at the Equator) and the warm, moist air rising, cooling and condensing often in a thunderstorm; occurs every day in the Rain Forests of Amazonia in Brazil but only after a hot, summer's day in the U.K., particularly in East Anglia |
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| this is the heat rising up from the very hot earth's core through the mantle that drags the tectonic plates of the crust either apart from each other or towards each other; see also plate tectonics and continental drift |
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| low order goods or products that cost less but are bought more often, such as food, bread, milk or newspapers |
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| a slope that starts off steep at the bottom (contour lines close together) but becomes more gentle (contour lines further apart) towards the top; you cannot see from the top of the slope to the bottom and so there is no intervisibility and you are VEXed ! |
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| a tiny marine animal that takes limestone out of sea water and when the polyps die they leave a deposit that builds up to make a coral reef; most corals live in warm tropical waters (the Great Barrier Reef off the east coast of Australia) but cold water corals have recently been discovered in the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Britain |
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| the solid centre of the Earth, probably a very hot ball of nickel and iron |
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| a statistical technique for comparing two or more sets of data; can be positive or negative |
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| a lake in the bottom of a cirque/corrie/cwm today where ice would have been during the Ice Ages; see also tarn |
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| process of erosion when river water dissolves limestone and chalk; see also solution |
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| a set of practices designed to protect rural areas and the people who live there, e.g. close gates, no litter, keep to paths, don't damage crops, walls, hedges, keep dogs on a lead; see also national park |
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| the depression at the top of a volcano; sometimes contains a crater lake; see also caldera |
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| vertical, very deep crack in a glacier; often covered in snow and can't be seen |
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| a small, self-sufficient, subsistence farm in the Scottish Highlands, Western Isles (Hebrides) or parts of Ireland; the farmer would combine growing crops or keeping animals with fishing or gamekeeping; today they can be involved in the tourist industry and the croft (cottage) may be rented out to holidaymakers; it is a hard life and over the last hundred years many crofts have been abandoned but many have also recently been sold to retired people as second homes |
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| changing the crop in each field every year to maintain soil fertility and crop yields, and to prevent the spread of crop diseases |
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| an imaginary slice through part of an O.S. map to show the relief; don't exaggerate the vertical scale of the section - the South Downs should not look like the Himalayas ! |
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| the thin outer layer of solid rock around the Earth's surface on which we live |
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| cubic metres per second; see discharge |
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| tall, towering thunder cloud with a flat, anvil-shaped head; produces heavy rain and hail |
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| fluffy, white, 'cotton wool' cloud; may produce a shower but normally typical of a fine, dry, summer's day |
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| where engineers have cut away the ground to keep a motorway or a railway on a fairly level gradient to maintain high speeds; the road or train track are, therefore, slightly below the ground surface; cuttings are often found before going into or out from a tunnel; they have a special symbol on O.S. maps; see also embankment and viaduct |
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| a deep depression (low pressure) found in the tropics of the Indian Ocean and south-east Asia; brings very strong winds, heavy rain and storm surges that cause floods in India and Bangladesh; it is called a hurricane in the West Indies and U.S.A., and a typhoon in China and Japan |
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