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| Determined by the intersection of latitude and longitude lines, providing an exact point expressed in minutes degrees and seconds |
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| The 3-4 centuries of European exploration, colonization and global resource exploitation, led largely by merchants, started by Columbus and continued till 19th century |
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| Age Sex Diagram (Population Pyramid) |
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| The graphic representation of a country's population by gender and 5 year age increments |
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| The domestication of plants and animals that began about 10000 years ago |
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| A proposed new name for the present geological epoch, currently termed the holocene |
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| The cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish for food |
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| The layer of gases surrounding earth |
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| The number of plant and animal species and the variety of the genetic material these organisms contain |
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| A ranked list of places scientists believe deserve immediate attention for flora and fauna study and conservation |
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| A terrestrial ecosystem type categorized by a dominant type of natural vegetation |
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| The global ecological system, including all the relationships played out among our hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Also called ecosphere |
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| The number of births per 1000 people in a population |
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| An area such as a forest, farmland, or ocean that sequesters a large amount of carbon dioxide |
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| The size of a population of any organism that an ecosystem can support |
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| The craft of designing and making maps |
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| The average weather conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and winds of an area over an extended period of time |
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| A change in climate and atmospheric conditions largely due to carbon dioxide |
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| The European pattern of establishing dependencies abroad to enhance the economic development in the home country |
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| Consumption overpopulation |
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| The concept that a few persons, each using a few resources from ecosystems across the world, add up to too many people for the environment to support |
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| The steady but slow movements of the plates in earths mantle that formed continents mountains and oceans |
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| A grid consisting of horizontal and vertical lines used to establish absolute location |
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| The landscape modified by human transformation, thereby reflecting the cultural patterns of the resident culture |
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| The values, beliefs, aspirations, modes of behavior, social inquisitions, knowledge and skills that are transmitted and learned within a group of peopl |
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| An area where innovations develop, with subsequent diffusion to other areas |
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| The annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a population |
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| A model describing population change within a country, think of the natural evolution of a country |
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| A theory arguing that the worlds most developed countries continue to prosper by dominating their former colonies, the now independent less developed countries |
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| A process of improvement in the material conditions of people often linked to the diffusion of knowledge and technology |
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| The controlled breeding and cultivation of plants and animals |
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| The number of years required for the human population of a given area to double |
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| Planting and harvesting according to the seasonal rainfall cycle |
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| The exhaustion of the environmental capital, leading to potential political and social crisis |
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| The amount of biologically productive land needed to sustain a persons consumption and absorb wastes |
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| Ecologically Dominant Species |
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| A species that competes more successfully than other for nutrition and other essentials to life |
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| The decrease of an atmospheric variable with height, the variable being temperature unless otherwise specified |
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| A livelihood, such as hunting and gathering, that requires the use of large land areas |
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| External Cost (externalities) |
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| Consequences of goods and services that are not priced into the initial cost of those goods and services |
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| A break in rock mass along which movement has occurred, rock being pulled apart = TENSIONAL, rock being pushed together = COMPRESSIONAL FAULT |
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| the average number of children that would be born to her over her lifetime |
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| The cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish for food |
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| The sequence through which energy, in the form of food, passes through an ecosystem |
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| Deforestation in the less developed countries, caused by subsistence needs |
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| The value of goods and services produced in a country in a given year |
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| The study of the spatial order and associations of things (enviroments, humans, land) |
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| Geographic Information Systems are a growing field of computer assisted geographic analysis and graphic representation of spatial data |
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| Global environmental change |
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| The earth becoming warmer |
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| The spread of free trade, free markets, investments, and ideas across border and the political and cultural adjustments that accompany this diffusion |
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| Gross national income, a measure of country's wealth counting GDP plus income from abroad such as rents, profit, labor |
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| Gross national product, the value of goods and services produced internally in a given country during a stated year plus the value resulting from transactions abroad |
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| The observation that increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases in earths atmosphere cause a warmer atmosphere |
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| Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat from the sun in the atmosphere |
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| A UN developed system that ranks countries based on quality of life issues along with economic performance |
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| A mode of livelihood based on collecting wild plants and hunting wild animals, practiced by pre-agricultural peoples |
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| The process by which the sun evaporates seawater into water vapor that is later released as freshwater precipitation |
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| All of the worlds water features |
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| A period beginning in mid 18th century Britain that saw rapid advances in technology and the use of inanimate power |
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| A line roughly concurrent with the 180 degree line of longitude where the beginning of one day and the end of another day meet |
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| Intergovernmental panel on climate change |
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| A UN panel composed of 2500 atmospheric scientists from 130 countries that stated global warming was real |
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| A livelihood such as farming requiring the use of small land areas |
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| The artificial placement of water to produce crops, generally in arid locations |
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| A treaty on climate change signed by 160 countries in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 and put into force in 2005, requires MDCs to reduce greenhouse emissions by more than 5 percent below their 1990 levels by 2012 |
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| The horizontal lines across earth that measure how far north or south a place is |
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| The worlds poorer countries |
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| Ecologist Garrett Hardin's argument that for ecological reasons, rich countries should not help poorer countries |
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| The rocky portion of earths surface |
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| The vertical lines across earth that measure how far east or west a person is |
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| The model forecasting that human population growth will outpace growth in food and other resources, with a resulting population die off |
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| A way to minimize distortion in one of more properties of a map (direction, distance, shape or area) |
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| A process by which poor subsistence farmers are pushed onto fragile, inferior, or marginal lands that cannot support crops for long and that are degraded by cultivation |
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| Another term for lines of longitude |
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| A temporary, periodic, or permanent move to a new location |
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| The single-species cultivation of food or tree crops usually very economical and productive but threatening to natural diversity and change |
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| The worlds wealthier countries |
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| The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used without decreasing its potential for renewal, aka sustainable yield |
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| A product of the natural environment that can be used to benefit people |
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| Newly Industrializing Countries |
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| The more prosperous of the worlds less developed countries |
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| a very large expanse of sea, in particular, each of the main areas into which the sea is divided geographically |
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| A latitude line running parallel to the equator |
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| The concept that many persons, each using a small quantity of natural resources to sustain life, add up to too many people for the environment to support |
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| Permanently frozen subsoil |
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| The dominant forces in the creation of continents, mountains, and oceans |
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| Pleistocene overkill hypothesis |
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| A hypothesis stating that hunters and gathers of the Pleistocene era hunted many species to extinction |
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| all the inhabitants of a particular place |
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| The birth rate minus the death rate in a population |
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| The surge in earth's human population that has occurred since the beginning of the industrial revolution |
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| Population replacement level |
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| The number of new births required to keep a population steady |
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| Water falling from the sky to the surface in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail |
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| The line of zero degrees longitude in Greenwich, England, separates eastern hemisphere from western hemisphere |
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| Factors which pull people away from their home |
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| A method of comparing the real value of output between different countries economics, considering factors such as differences in relative prices of goods and services |
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| Factors that push people away from their homeland |
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| Victims of sever push factors such as persecution, political violence, and war |
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| A human construct of an area that is often homogeneous and distinct from other regions |
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| The location of a place defined by relationship to other places (A TOWN OR STATE) |
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| A resource with a continual supply available |
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| A system for measuring the strength of earthquakes |
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| The size ration represented by a map (i.e. 1 inch equals 100 miles) |
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| Usually refers to tectonic forces that result in an earthquake |
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| The distribution of various features across earths surface |
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| The process of one tectonic plate descending below another |
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| Concepts and efforts to improve the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems |
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| The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used without decreasing its potential for renewal |
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| The plates on which continents sit that move around in earths mantle |
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| The time beyond which some climate change effects are irreversible |
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| Large waves in the ocean created by undersea earthquakes |
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| The population growth of cities, mostly from the movement of people from rural regions to built up areas |
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| Finished products, worth much more than the raw materials they were created from |
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| Movement of molten material from the earths mantle, usually released through volcanoes |
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| Wealthy Vs. Poor Countries |
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| The atmospheric conditions prevailing at one time and place |
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| The condition of equal birth rates and death rates in a population |
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