Term
| List the physical properties of minerals? |
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Definition
| luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, crystal shape, color, effervesece (reaction to acid) |
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Term
| All silicate minerals contain which two elements? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces or planes of weak bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the most common mineral group? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are igneous rocks classified? |
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Definition
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Term
| List at least 3 common igneous rock textures. |
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Definition
| Coarse grained, fine grained, porphyritic, glassy, vesicular |
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Term
| What is the composition of a felsic rock? |
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Definition
| High in Si, Al, Na, K - low in Fe, Mg,Ca - minerals such as quartz, kspar |
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Term
| What is the composition of a mafic rock? |
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Definition
| High in Fe, Mg, Ca - low in Si, Al, K - contains minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, Ca plagioclase |
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Term
| Produces a magma made of the lowest melting temperature minerals, which are higher in silica than the original rock. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one type of igneous intrusion and describe it. |
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Definition
sill, dike, batholith
Sill = nearly horizontal, concordant bodies that form when magma exploits weakness btwn sedimentary beds
-generally stores magma
Dike = discordant bodies that cut across bedding surfaces or other sturcture in the host rock
-serve as tabular conduits that transport magma |
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Term
| Shield volcanoes are composed of what type of lava? |
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Definition
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Term
| Composite volcanoes are generally composed of? |
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Definition
| alternating layers of pyroclastic materials and lava of intermediate composition |
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Term
| What type of magma is required to have explosive volcanic conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main volcanic hazard from a composite volcano (ex. Mt. St. Helens)? |
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Definition
| Pyroclastic flows, mudflows, nuee ardentes |
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Term
| What is the definition of a theory? |
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Definition
| rigorously tested and generally accepted by the scientific community |
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Term
| How are earth's layers arranged? |
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Definition
| increasing density with depth |
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Term
| List the layers of the earth in order from inside out and describe their physical state. |
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Definition
| DRAW the chart: inner solid core, outer liquid core, solid mantle, solid crust |
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Term
| Where in the Earth's subsurface do we find convection currents, and why are they important? |
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Definition
| mantle--mechanism for plate motion |
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Term
| Imagine yourself standing in a universe exhibiting blue shift, what does that tell you about the universe? |
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Definition
| It is collapsing instead of expanding like it does when exhibiting red shift |
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Term
| Describe 3 conditions that cause rock to melt? |
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Definition
| 1. temperature, 2. composition of the rock, 3. volatiles in the rock |
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Term
| How did the Earth and other planets in our solar system originate? |
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Definition
| According to Big Bang theory a huge explosion occurred which sent all matter of the of the universe flying outward at incredible speeds. Then once the debris from this explosion (mostly hydrogen and helium) began to cool and condense the galaxies formed |
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Term
| Sketch a cross section of the Earth & include a table that describes the composition and physical make-up of earth's layers |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory of Plate Tectonics |
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Definition
| Earth’s surface is divided into plates that are slowly moving and changing in size |
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Term
| what are the three types of plate boundaries? |
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Definition
| Transform, convergent, divergent |
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Term
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Definition
plates move side to side in relative motion
•conservative
•2 plates grind past eachother without production or destruction of lithosphere
•shallow earthquakes |
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Term
| Convergent plate boundary |
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Definition
coming together (destructive)
•2 plates move together resulting in oceanic lithosphere descending (subducting) beneath an overriding plates, eventually to be reabsorbed into mantle or possibly in the collision of 2 continental blocks to create a mountain system
•subduction occurs because the density of descending tectonic plate is greater than density of underlying asthenosphere
•deep sea trenches |
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Term
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Definition
plates moving away from eachother (constructive)
•2 plates move apart resulting in upwelling of hot material from the mantle to create new seafloor
•ocean ridges |
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Term
| Describe how density has played a part in the development of a) our solar system and b) planet. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Describe how red shift works, and how it is used to support the Big Bang Theory. |
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Definition
| Redshift is essentially just the Doppler effect for light. Red light has lower frequency, so if the light source is moving away from you, its light will be slightly redder, and if it moves towards you, it is bluer. |
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Term
| Describe the steps leading to the formation of our solar system, including the observations used to interpret that history (Solar Nebula Theory). |
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Definition
| Big bang happened. The nonce everything started cooling galaxies formed and so did our solar system. Earth and other planets formed at roughly the same time and from the same primordial material as the sun. The bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. |
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Term
| 9. What is the scientifically accepted age of the Earth? Age of the Universe? Describe how these numbers have been determined |
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Definition
Earth = 4.6 Ga, Universe = 13.7 billion
determined by finding out the age of Earth's rocks b/c we can use D = r x t since we know the velocity of the objects and distance between most of them |
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Term
| What are minerals, and how are they different from rocks? |
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Definition
Chemical formula-definable chemical composition
Orderly crystalline structure
Inorganic
Naturally occuring
Solid
Any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula. Minerals make rocks |
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Term
| What is the basic structure of an atom? |
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Definition
| protons, neutrons, electrons; protons & neutrons make up the nucleus & the electrons form a cloud around |
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Term
| How do atoms bond together? |
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Definition
Covalent bonds: electrons shared; diamond, nonmetal atoms that don't loose electrons easily = strongest
2.metallic bonds- electrons free to move from A to A, gold, silver, copper
3.ionic bond-electrons transferred, so neutral; weakest |
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Term
| Sketch and describe the forces that drive plate motion (Figure 15.29 in book)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are igneous rocks formed? |
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Definition
| by the crystallization of molten magma. Magma erupts via volcano or fissures (crack) – molten rock cools and solidifies |
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Term
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Definition
| Igneous rocks that form due to the crystallization of melts above the surface of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| Form by the crystallization of melts beneath the surface of the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
Magma = (interior)a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gases and crystals
Lava = (exterior)magma that reaches Earth’s surface |
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Term
| How does the cooling rate of magma influence the crystal size of minerals in igneous rocks? |
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Definition
When magma cools so quickly that atoms don’t have time to arrange into a crystal lattice
-Fine grained = fast cooling
-Coarse grained = slow phenocrysts |
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Term
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Definition
a series of crystallization sequences that occur during magmatic cooling. This series shows the order in which minerals will crystallize first (olivine) and all the way down to quartz (SiO2) in the discontinued branch.
-rocks that are partially melted necome more mafic because the silica-rich felsic minerals are melted first |
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Term
| How do granitic rocks differ from basaltic rocks? |
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Definition
Granitic (intrusive) phaneritic/coarse grained texture
Basaltic (extrusive) aphanitic/fine grained texture |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral grains too small to be seen without a magnifying glass. |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral grains large enough to be seen without a magnifying glass. |
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Term
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Definition
-lighter color more silicates Si O2– quartz and feldspar-
-more viscous slower moving
-more explosive
-granitic |
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Term
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Definition
darker color- increase in Fe and Mg
-less viscous so more runny
-basaltic |
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Term
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Definition
| - most dense, least viscous, moves the quickest |
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Term
| glass texture of igneous rock |
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Definition
extrusive
-melt cooled so quickly that atoms don't have time to arragne into a crystal lattice
-fine grained = fast cooling |
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Term
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Definition
intrusive
-coarse grained = slow cooling |
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Term
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Definition
- form from the accumulation of igneous debris ex.) volcanic ash
-extrusive
-includes other rock fragments
-broken/fragmental = breccia or tuff
-frothy = pumice |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
igneous rock texture characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes
1. the larger crystals called phenocrysts and the matrix of smaller crystals termed groundmass |
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Term
| The former late Paleozoic super continent is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Give one example of an active, continent-continent collision. |
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Definition
| India colliding with Eurasia to form the Himalayas |
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Term
| A very long-lived magma source located deep in the mantle is called a ________. |
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Definition
hot spot
-does this differ from a mantle plume? |
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Term
| The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not ________. |
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Definition
| identify a mechanism capable of moving continents |
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Term
| What effects a magma or lava's viscosity? |
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Definition
-Temp (high temp = less viscosity)
-volatile content (more volatiles = less viscosous)
-silica content (more silica more viscous) |
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Term
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Definition
-more mafic
-hot lava, less viscous or flows more quickly
-blankets land
-hot spots & mid atlantic ridges
-need mantle source |
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Term
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Definition
produced by accumulation of fluild basaltic lavas
-shape = broad slightly domed structure
-most begin on the ocean floor as seamounts
-Hawaiian Islands
-mafic high Fe & Mg |
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Term
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Definition
-intermediate composition
-erupt more violently
-becomes calderas (giant hole in ground) |
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Term
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Definition
-hot volcanic ash, gas, rocks
-very hazardous materials |
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Term
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Definition
-small volcanoes
-composition varies
-typically flow out from bottom |
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Term
| extrusive products of volcanic eruptions |
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Definition
-gases/aerosols (H2O, CO2, etc..)
-liquids (lava)
-solids (ash)
Hazards, acid rain in areas of V.Erupt |
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Term
| type of lava depends on... |
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Definition
viscosity (function of temp) & dissolved gases
Hotter = lower viscosity = flows faster
felsic (silica rich) = slow & more viscous' maafic = runny & faster
-more gases = more explosive |
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Term
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Definition
-mafic
-runny hot
-shield volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate more silican than mafic |
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Term
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Definition
doesn't flow far
felsic
typically stratovolcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
aa = chunky,rough jagged blocks
pahoehoe=smooth surfaces, resemble the twisted braids of rope |
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Term
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Definition
-stratovolcanoes
-most picturesque & most dangerous
-cone is large, nearly symmetrical,
-consists of alternating layers of explosively erupted cinders and ash inbedded with lave flow |
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