Term
| What is the major limit on global climate over the geologic time scale? |
|
Definition
| The supercontinent cycle. Three supercontients, Nuna, Rodinia and Pangea and corresponds to three major ice ages in earth history. |
|
|
Term
| Why does supercontinet = ice age? |
|
Definition
| Lost of exposed land, pulls co2 out of air, forms clay, leads to ice age |
|
|
Term
| What is the fischer greenhouse icehouse cycle? |
|
Definition
| Alternating periods of greenhouse and icehouse over the geologic time scale. Icehouse in cambrain, greenhouse until permian, ice house through triassic, greenhouse through cretaceous and ice house in the modern times |
|
|
Term
| When does india run into asia? why is this important? |
|
Definition
| In the late paleocene, which lead to earth to be lifted, up, clays are formed and lead to ice age. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of separating australia from antartica? |
|
Definition
| That set up circmantartic winds and climates, leading it to getting cold. Caused icehouse |
|
|
Term
| What proves the cause of the paleocene icehouse/ |
|
Definition
| Foraminfera, oxygen isotopes, surface water oxygen isotope ratios |
|
|
Term
| When are their the highest oceans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most marine life (other than modern time) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three evolutionary faunas of marine animals? |
|
Definition
| Cambrian fauna, paleozoic fauna, modern fauna |
|
|
Term
| When did the cambrain fauna start and end, what is typical of them? |
|
Definition
| Start in cambrian, fall off steeply until ordovician. They are represented by trilobites, mudgrubbers, most things on surface |
|
|
Term
| When did the paleozoic fauna start? What is typical of this time? Top predators? |
|
Definition
| Started in cambrian, huge ordovician radiation. Typified by armoured filter feeders (brachiopods, coral, crinoids and byozoa). Top predator is nautiloid cephalopod |
|
|
Term
| Describe the modern fauna (start time, major radiation) and what dominates it? |
|
Definition
| Starts in cambrian, radiates after permian extinction. More mobile and less armoured than palozoic fauna. |
|
|
Term
| What caused the changes of the modern marine fauna to become more mobile and less armoured? |
|
Definition
| More burrowing existed, so the water was impure bad for filter feeders, and more predation existed (no need to have more weight if it won't protect you) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major extinction, and the four intermediate extinctions? |
|
Definition
| Major - Permina, intermediate - ordovician, triassic, cretaceous and devonian. |
|
|
Term
| what was lost in the permian extinction? |
|
Definition
| nearly everything 95% gone |
|
|
Term
| What is the major extinction, and the four intermediate extinctions? |
|
Definition
| Major - Permina, intermediate - ordovician, triassic, cretaceous and devonian. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major extinction, and the four intermediate extinctions? |
|
Definition
| Major - Permina, intermediate - ordovician, triassic, cretaceous and devonian. |
|
|
Term
| What four things affect biogeography? |
|
Definition
| Temperature, size of continent, plate movement (simpson coefficient of similarity) , super continent cycle |
|
|
Term
| When were the highest sea levels ever |
|
Definition
| ordovician, tropics all the way to the poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seas that only existed with high sea levels (could have swam from from newfoundland to vegas) |
|
|
Term
| What is the kingston climate like in the ordovician? |
|
Definition
| Hot, dry, arid and periodic high velocity winds |
|
|
Term
| What are the three levels of the basal strata in ordovician era? |
|
Definition
| Intertidal - briefly covered by tides, supratidal (leveles are above normal tides (touched every year or so), tetradium thicket (continuously submerged) and supratidal ramp (shallow sea bottom that is rarely submerged). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the intertidal marine life? |
|
Definition
| Covered for a few minutes, cyanobacterial mats, mostly hot and dry, filled with salt and gypsum and mudcracks. Ostracods and some trilobites |
|
|
Term
| Describe marine ramps in the supratidal strata in the ordovician? |
|
Definition
| Supratidal are areas normally above tides, very saline conditions, gypsum grown into area and mudcracks. Mostly ostacods and stromatolites. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most saline toleratnt organisms in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the marine life in tetradium thicket/ |
|
Definition
| porites, coral mounds, like a fringe reef. some trilobites, snails, clams and cephalopods. |
|
|
Term
| What was the top carnivore of the ordovician? |
|
Definition
| Straight shelled cephalopods |
|
|
Term
| Describe the marine life in a subtidal ramp? |
|
Definition
| Things typical of fringe reefs and bahamas - clusters of algae and sponges (as it bathed in light), crinoids, brachiopods, solitary and colonial corals, trilobites and cephalopods. |
|
|
Term
| List one low, mid and high level suspension feeder? |
|
Definition
| Brachiopods, solitary corals, and crinoids (high level) |
|
|
Term
| Chronologically, list the different strata in the ordovian era in kingston? |
|
Definition
| Earliest is tidal flats, tetradium thicket, subtidal ramp |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ordovician trophic web |
|
Definition
| Primary producers are photosynthetic (phytoplankton), feed zooplankton, many armoured filter feeders, grazers (gastropods that eat algae), detritus eaters (trilobites) and top predators were shelled cephalopods |
|
|
Term
| Why weren't cambrian represented in kingston fossil records? |
|
Definition
| It was an icehouse, continents were high, and sea level fall caused erosion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three subgroups to chordata? |
|
Definition
| Urochordata (v shaped muscle, long tail, similar to chordates in larvae but otherwise don't look alike), cephalocordata (typified by pikaei and amphioxus), craniata (earliest fish like chordates in the world) |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of cephalochordata? |
|
Definition
| Pikaia (ancestral chordate from burgess shale), and amphioxius (modern form of pikiaia, critically has a notochord, origin of vertebral column and spines) |
|
|
Term
| What were the first fish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many modern genera of jawless fish exist? how many existed at one point? |
|
Definition
| 2 now, 3 other extinct genera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinct group of jawless fish from the ordovician. had an external skeleton, tiny plates on it's exterior, not sleek. Had shields, tiny scales covering the back. |
|
|
Term
| What two events lead to fish being major players in the devonian? |
|
Definition
| Origin of Jaws, shedding of skeleton and making internal skeleton |
|
|
Term
| Describe the origin of jaws in fish? |
|
Definition
| Front gil slit was modified into a folding appartus that functioned as jaws, allowed them to chew things. |
|
|
Term
| What was the last armoued fish that had jaws? |
|
Definition
| Placoderms (dunkleiosteus) |
|
|
Term
| What was the first bony fish, without an external skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Acandthodians, ancestors of all mammals and birds today. Example of cheirolepsis, also called ray finned fishes |
|
|
Term
| What was the lobe finned fish? what was it actual name? |
|
Definition
| four lobed anatomy, origin of terrestrial walking legs. Called sarcoptergii, but evolved lobes as a preadaption, more because it made it highly maneuverable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relative of old sarcopterygii, modern fossils, unchanged since mesozoic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also modern fossils, relatives of sarcoptyregii, lobe finned fishes, had gills and lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What adaptation did lung fish have that was incredibly important? |
|
Definition
| they had gills and lungs, allowed them to breath air and transition to land |
|
|
Term
| What was the first fish the moved to the land? |
|
Definition
| Rhipidistian, lobed finned fish that function independantly and had lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What causes lungfish to develop in devonian? |
|
Definition
| First land plants arose, gave tons of leaf litter than fell in water, lead to water anoxia. Lung fish developed in response to deal with period anoxia in water column. |
|
|
Term
| When could the first rhidipistian walk? why did it go to land? |
|
Definition
| In the devonian, possibly to find food, put young babies in a easy place. |
|
|
Term
| What other factors, other than anoxia, influenced the move from the water to the land for marine animals? |
|
Definition
| Plate tectonics, creation of laurasia created a mosaic of lands (not just tons of shallow seas) which created a chance of evolution. |
|
|
Term
| What about rhidipstian teeth is interesting? |
|
Definition
| Early fish had simple dentine, humans have folded and so did the rhidipistian |
|
|
Term
| What are earliest land plants derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did green algae first appear? when did they move to land? |
|
Definition
| 850 in marine setting, 450 they moved onto land |
|
|
Term
| What was the major evolutionary change that allowed plants to move away from the water? |
|
Definition
| Production of xylem to move nutrients from base to stem (more xylem = further away) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most primitive plants called? Vascular or avascular, how much xylem? Where did they live? Special features? |
|
Definition
| Bryophytes, not vascular or xylem. Live exclusively on ground, modern versions are mosses. Only live in places that are nearly always wet (but not fully submerged). They had spore tetrads and cuticle sheets, because they couldn't control water, so they tried to protect themseleves from water loss with wax |
|
|
Term
| What are the oldest modern vascular plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is earliest vascular plant? how much xylem? Where did they live? |
|
Definition
| Rhyniophyes, 1% xylem, mostly live near water and couldn't grow taller than your knees. They are the first plants to associate with arthropods |
|
|
Term
| When did trimeriophytes exist, what are they? Vascular or avascular, how much xylem? Where did they live? Leaves? |
|
Definition
| Exist only in devonian, 10% xylem , have edges of branches that are thichkened. |
|
|
Term
| What is gilboa? what kind of plants appear here? |
|
Definition
| World's oldest woody forest (from 385Ma), first find lycopods. |
|
|
Term
| Where do we find lycopods first? what other remarkable features do they have? |
|
Definition
| Found in gilboa, important bc first plants to have leaves, major group in upper paleozoic. |
|
|
Term
| What is archaeopteris? Where was it found? What is another name for secondary xylem? stable? |
|
Definition
| A progymnosperm from gilboa, leaves, lots of xylem, also known as wood. Could be 10m, not very stable, very superficial root system |
|
|
Term
| Where do we find first leaf litter? what does that lead to? |
|
Definition
| Gilboa, provides habitat for early arthropods, find centipedes, detrivors, world's oldest spiders with spinning organs for silk |
|
|
Term
| Where do we find an early "real forest", not like gilboa, where there are no leaves? When? Major tree, how do they reproduce? |
|
Definition
| Joggins, Nova scotia, carboniferous. Bark patterns with lots of secondary xylem, main trees are lycopods, reproduce via spores |
|
|
Term
| When do tree ferns first appear? What do they lack? What ate them? |
|
Definition
| They first appear in permian, they have no real trunk, but a single stranded fractal branching strand into leafs, which allowed them to grow large. Eaten by dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
| When do we find first fractal branching of trees with spores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do we first see seed ferns? What is different about seed ferns, what is an example of one? |
|
Definition
| Carboniferous, no spores but seeds Glossopteris in gondwana. |
|
|
Term
| What do cross section of glossopteris show us? |
|
Definition
| Rings that show glaciers, growing as gondwana is getting glaciated |
|
|
Term
| Lycopods exist in ____ climates, Glossopteris in _____ climates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List Four global implications that incorporation of plants have? |
|
Definition
| Bindng of loose sediment by plants root permanently changed patterns of erosions and sediemntation on the continents, first appearance of meandering river, first appearnce of coal, dramatically altered carbon cycling (drew down co2 leading to ice age), abundant vegetation providing food source for terrestrial animals and ecosystem, permanent rise in atmospheric oxygen levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20ma period where there is little land fossil record |
|
|
Term
| Describe the typical amphibian of the carboniferous? |
|
Definition
| Carnivorous, fish eating, some in open water, some in shallow lakes, many in lake margin, but few in upland areas. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cleidoic egg, what did it allow? |
|
Definition
| Egg with a hard shell around it, allowed amphibians to populate uplands because they can have penetrating sex and don't have to worry about using the water as a midwife. Few sperm, fewer eggs, loss of larval stage |
|
|
Term
| Where do the oldest reptiles in the world come from? What kind of life did they live |
|
Definition
| Joggins, Nova scotia, arborial animals |
|
|
Term
| What are genera of first true reptiles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of temporal fenestrae? |
|
Definition
| Anapsids (earliest reptiles, now extinct), synapsids (modern humans, pelycosaurus (dimetredon), therapsids and mammals), diapsids (birds and dinosuars) |
|
|
Term
| Who has stronger skulls synapsid or diapsid and why? |
|
Definition
| Diapsid have stronger skull because if you break a part you don't break the whole thing |
|
|
Term
| What was the first aerial tetrapod? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe dimetredons method of temperature manipulation and their domination? |
|
Definition
| Their had sails with neural spines that allowed them to heat up very quickly in the morning, gave them a huge selection advantage. 85% of tetrapods were pelycosaurus in permian |
|
|
Term
| Who outcompeted the pelycosaurus? |
|
Definition
| The therapsids, because they were partial endotherms. |
|
|
Term
| What was killed in the late permian extinction? what was hardest hit |
|
Definition
| Almost everything, but specifically widespread extinciton in syanpsids and amphibians. No glossopteris, marine realm was hardest hit, biodiversity crisis lasted less than 1m years |
|
|
Term
| What caused the late permian extinction? why was it so deadly? |
|
Definition
| Siberian Traps, at 252, largest volcanic eruptions ever. Rich in rare and deadly metals, most of worlds platinum comes from this explosion. Also supercharged air with co2 and caused intense marine anoxia |
|
|
Term
| What exploded in diversity after permian extinction? |
|
Definition
| Vertebrate realm, diapsids. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major branches of archosaurs (diapsid reptiles) |
|
Definition
| Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards and turtles), archosauromorpha (crocodiles, pterosaurs and dinosaurs) |
|
|
Term
| What separated crocodiles from pterosaurs and dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| Erect gait, allowed pterosaurs and dinosaurs to dominate their respective areas. |
|
|
Term
| What was the major carnivore in the triassic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the last animals, last branch before dinosaurs? What did it have that it wasn't considered a dinosaur? |
|
Definition
| Euparkeria, had a closed acetabulum and therefore no upright stance. |
|
|
Term
| What were the earliest dinosaurs? what were all early dinosaurs classified as? |
|
Definition
| Eoraptor and herasaurus, all saurischian |
|
|
Term
| What was the cause and result of the end triassic extinction? |
|
Definition
| Cause was volcanic, pangea broke up and trapped heat underneath it, lead to badly reduced many competitors of dinosaurs. Lead to the age of dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
| How do we determine the mass of an extinct species like a dinosaur? |
|
Definition
| Compare femur/humerus of log scale plot of mass versus circumference. As the mass increases as a cube ratio, weight bearing areas could only increase as a square. |
|
|
Term
| What is the theoretical limit of all animal weight? why? |
|
Definition
| 140T, legs would not be able to move |
|
|
Term
| What are the similarities between elephants and apatosaurus? |
|
Definition
| Both walked the same way, both unathletic (elephants can't jump). |
|
|
Term
| What does getting stuck in the mud tell us about dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| APatosuarus had a 290 rating, cattle at 150, and T. rex at 120, shows up that apatosaurus legs were not made for walking and t. rex's were not that agile |
|
|
Term
| Describe apatosaurus's neck? |
|
Definition
| Could bend its head around the underside of body, allowed it reach food without moving far (couldn't anyways) |
|
|
Term
| What allowed diplodocus to have an incredible range of motion? |
|
Definition
| It's tail could operate as a tripod |
|
|
Term
| What do footprints tell us about dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| Theropods (meat eaters) had three funtional toes with claws, Ornithpods had no toes or claws just hoods, and sauropods (the biggest herbivores) had huge rounded pads. |
|
|
Term
| Why did sauropods grow so big? |
|
Definition
| Possibly because they had a different style of lung structure that was more efficient and different overall metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Why did people think that auropods snorkeled? why was it wrong? |
|
Definition
| You never see back footprints, only front ones. so they came up with the idea that sauropods push with front limbs to drift and they rest of their body is underwater. Wrong because the snorkel would put 2atm of pressure (a lot) on the lung, causing them to blow up. The Sauropods actualy floated but were highly unstable |
|
|
Term
| Why can you more easily see front limb tracks of dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| There was more eight on front limbs because they were less borad, dug deepest into the sediment |
|
|
Term
| Name two sauropod tracksites? Did they walk alone or in pairs? |
|
Definition
| Sucre, Bolivia, Paluxy river in texas. Pairs, see elaborate mechanism looking like a herd |
|
|
Term
| How can you calculate dinosaur running speds? |
|
Definition
| Compare stride lengths (L to L) |
|
|
Term
| Where are ectotherms and endotherms respectively favored? What are two examples of partial endotherms? |
|
Definition
| Ectotherms in tropical regions, endotherms in cold and variable climates. Examples of partial endotherms are monotreems (like platopus) and early permian therapsids |
|
|
Term
| Describe the argument for dinosaur endothermy/ectotherym in body size and energy ouput? |
|
Definition
| As mass increases, surface area doesn't increase as fast. Chemical reactions produce heat proportional to mass, loss of T is proportional to surface area. Therefore it results in decreased metabolic needs with larger size |
|
|
Term
| What is the limit for inertial homeotherms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the argument for endothermy/ectothermy in the predator prey ratio? What was concluded |
|
Definition
| Warm blood carnivore are only 3-5% of population, but cold blooded organims exist at 25% of population. Dinosaur predators were 3% of population, therefore probaby endotherms, but says nothing about the prey dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the upright stance argument for endothermy? |
|
Definition
| all modern ecotherms exhibit sprawling stance, modern endotherms have upright stance. Dinosaurs all exhibit upright stance, therfore endotherms? inconclusive argument |
|
|
Term
| What is the running speed argument for dinosaur ectothermy? |
|
Definition
| long distance sprinting requires endothermy (longer metabolism). But there are no long trackways, so it is an inconclusive argument |
|
|
Term
| What is the polar dinosaur ecothermy argument? |
|
Definition
| Dinosaurs existed from pole to pole, some had feathers, while ectotherms only exist in tropics. No due to continental drift, but inconclusive because earth was in global greenhouse, seasonal migration might have occured |
|
|
Term
| What is the growth rate argument of dinosaur endo/ectothermy? |
|
Definition
| Ectotherms show indeterminate growth (lizards gradually grow bigger and bigger) while endotherms show determinate growth. Dinosaurs actually are neither deterministic or indeterminate, therefore it shows that they range between ectotherms and endotherms |
|
|
Term
| Plates and frills argument for endothermy and conclusion? |
|
Definition
| Use frills for blood vessels to heat itself (not through endothermy). Conclusive that all dinosaurs with frills were endotherms, but those were already inertial homeotherms |
|
|
Term
| What is the oxygen isotope argument for dinosaur ecto/endothermy? |
|
Definition
| IF there is little difference in T from fingertip to heart, the ratio of oxygen isotopes should we consisent. However, again, it is not helpful because we don't know if large dinosaurs have it because its a homeotherm or endotherm |
|
|
Term
| What is the bone structure argument for endothermy? |
|
Definition
| There are two type of bone, cancellous and compact. All modern ectotherms should abundant annuli and few osteons, while endotherms show few annuli (typical of no seasonal growth) and many osteons. T.REx has both, while small therapods had many osteons and prosauropods had many annuli. Conclusion that dinosaurs were diverse group that spanned range from fully ecothermic to fully endothermic |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal turbinate argument for dinosaur ecto/endothermy? |
|
Definition
| Mammals have large nasal turbinates to heat air, need it for endotherms because they have quick metabolism. However, ecotherms don't need turbinates because of their slow metabolism. Dinosaurs had narrow nasal cavities, without turbinates, but it doesn't prove ecothermy because we have already proposed different metabolism types |
|
|
Term
| What is the skin and feather arguments for dinosaur thermal regulation? |
|
Definition
| Downy feathers are endothermic, and some therapod had them, but other ornithopods lack feathers and may have been ectothermic |
|
|
Term
| Why did all dinosaurs exist all around the world? (2) |
|
Definition
| Pangea existed and there was a global greenhouse |
|
|
Term
| What important in terms of plate tectonics happened in late cretaceous? How did it affect carnosaurs? What were the carnosaurs of laurasia and gondwana called? |
|
Definition
| At the end of cretaceous, gondwana itself began to break up. Carnosaurs began to dominate - gondwana they were allosaurs, and lauraisa they were t.rex |
|
|
Term
| Describe the phylogeny of tyrannosaurs? |
|
Definition
| The basal tyranosauroidea appear in middle jurassic, while the tyrannisauridea appaer in late cretaceous and become the largest land predators ever, include albertasaurus and t. rex |
|
|
Term
| What did T. rex eat? what was it's vision like? Bite strength? athleticism? |
|
Definition
| Ate large herbivores, had excellent stereoscopic vision, had a very strong bite (ate both by puncturing and by nipping). Very unathletic, could not be great hunters because they were similar to elephants |
|
|
Term
| How did t. rex attack? Where was it's tail.? |
|
Definition
| Attacked with head down, tail up, run at high speeds, but were incredibly inefficient. couldn't run for long. Ran like a kangaroo kind of |
|
|
Term
| What was the brain of t. rex mostly made out of? what does that tell us? |
|
Definition
| 95% olfactory, unlike super carnivores, more like vulchers and hyenas= scavenger. |
|
|
Term
| What were t. rex's teeth like? Could it eat a lot before getting clogged teeth? |
|
Definition
| Betweeen smooth sharp blade and smooth dull blade (more like dull blade). Functions like butter knife, not a steak knife. More similar to modern varanid lizards like kimodo dragons. The Holes in it's teeth lead to getting clogged because meat fibres got stuck within them. It had to patiently wati to kill things |
|
|
Term
| Describe the T.rex's feathers and style? How do we know it mustve had feathers? Did both adult and child have featherS? |
|
Definition
| It's plotted past the apomorhy for feathers, meanst that the ancestor had feathers and t. rex had genes to grow them. But it was a gigantosaur, so it shouldn't have had feathers. Possibly only children with feathers, lost them as it got older |
|
|
Term
| What are two trees dinosaurs would have eaten? |
|
Definition
| Ginkgos and Cycads, gingkos are living fossils |
|
|
Term
| What two plants were planted at queens in 1998? Why? |
|
Definition
| Magnolia and Gingko, because mangolia are oldest flowering plants and gingko are essentially the same as they were in the mesozoic |
|
|
Term
| What were the most common plants in the cretaceous? Today? What did the growth of modern plants lead to ? |
|
Definition
| Cretaceous - gymnosperms, modern - angiosperms. Growth of modern plants lead to hadrosaurs becoming dominant herbivore dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
| Where and what are the first angiosperms? What do angiosperms represent? |
|
Definition
| First found in Jehol China, first flowering plants, closely related to magnolia. Flowers are modified leaves |
|
|
Term
| What did wind pollination allow for plants? who started pollination by vectors? What is the effect of vector pollination |
|
Definition
| Not needed to be associated with water. Vector pollination started by angiosperms, lead to tremendous growth in pollinating beetles and flies |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of co-evolution in plant evolution? |
|
Definition
| Nuts evolved in N. hemisphere to be crackable, specifically designed to be eaten by vectors, but sometimes squirrels forget them and they are spread. Bears eat berries etc... |
|
|
Term
| In the cretaceous, what animals migrate into oceans? |
|
Definition
| The diapsid reptiles, turtles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three group of triassic experimentation of marine life? |
|
Definition
| Ichteosauraus, pleiosaurs, and mososaurs |
|
|
Term
| What were the three big marine triassic experimentations? |
|
Definition
| Ichteosauraus, pleiosaurs, and mososaurs |
|
|
Term
| What did Ichteosauraus, pleiosaurs, and mososaurs all accomplish on land? |
|
Definition
| They all solved carrier's constraint on land and then entered the water |
|
|
Term
| What differed ichteosaurs from dolphins? |
|
Definition
| Had vertically orientated tail, not horizontally. They gave birth to live young, couldn't swim as well. |
|
|
Term
| When did ictheosaurs exist? pleiosaurs? Mososaurs? |
|
Definition
| Ichtheosaurs -Mid triassic to mid cretaceous, Pleiosaurus - jurassic to cretaceous and mososarusus was cretaceous only |
|
|
Term
| What was the top carniovre in jurassic and cretaceous sea? |
|
Definition
| Jurassic - pliosaur (short neck pleiososaurs) and cretaceous - mososaurs |
|
|
Term
| Who did the mososaurs resemble on the land in terms of teeth and carnivorous type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did ammonite avoid mososaurs? |
|
Definition
| They were water breathing, they could dive deep and avoid them. Mososaurs were only partial water dwellers (breathed oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| What are modern synapsids marine animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of thermal regulation did basal icthyosaurs, pleiosaurs and mososaurs have/ |
|
Definition
| Probably ectothermy for icthyosaurs, endothermy for pleiosaurs and definitely gigantial endothermy for mososaurs |
|
|
Term
| How did pterosaurs fly? Acetabulum, connection to dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| Elongated fourth finger, diapsid. Closed acetabulum, therefore were not dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
| What were the pterosaurs covered with? |
|
Definition
| Protfeathers - filamentous material, hair like. |
|
|
Term
| Where did pterosaurs eat, what kind of eggs did they lay? Were they good fliers? |
|
Definition
| They were largely cliff dwellers, laid soft shelled eggs. Fantastic fliers, better than mesozoic birds, ruled the skies |
|
|
Term
| What is the chronological pathway from allosaurs to birds? |
|
Definition
| Allosaurs - Maniraptors - sinosauropteryx - proavis - archaeopteryx -confusciformis (water bird) |
|
|
Term
| What preadaptations did allosaurus had that showed it was an ancestor to birds? (4) |
|
Definition
| Feathers, hollow bones, similar pubic bones and closed clavicle (furcula) |
|
|
Term
| How did maniraptors attack? What avian adaptations did they have (2)? |
|
Definition
| Elongated second toe for airborn attacks, Had ptygostyle at end of tail (to anchor feathers), covered up its eggs with body (endothermic) |
|
|
Term
| What was sinosauropteryx? |
|
Definition
| A feathered maniraptor, covered with fine filamentous feathers, endothermic but not capable of flight |
|
|
Term
| What was the first sign of flight? |
|
Definition
| Assymetric short barded feathers in archaeopteryx. Halfway between dinosaur and bird in structure |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the colours of a bird? |
|
Definition
| There are two types of colours (dynamic and structural), structural is controlled by melanosomes(can tell colour by examining SEM). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we know that archaeopteryx could not have flown very far? |
|
Definition
| It's furcula is primitive, half moon shaped wrist bone |
|
|
Term
| How do we know origin of flight is cresariol not arborial? |
|
Definition
| Archaeopteryx never had a reversed 1st toe to climb trees, only had extended slashing claw on 1st toe that emphasized it's link with maniraptors |
|
|
Term
| What two birds species made it past the end cretaceous extinction? |
|
Definition
| Paleognathe and Neognathe |
|
|
Term
| What type of bird dominated cenozoic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two main groups of terror birds existed? |
|
Definition
| Diatryma (went extinct at end of eocene)and phosphurhacid (existed until pleistocene) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three living of mammals? |
|
Definition
| Monotremes, marsupials and placentals |
|
|
Term
| What was the main ancestor to all mammals? Earliest mammal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What differed from ancestrial cynodonts to modern mammals? |
|
Definition
| increased brain size, complex teeth, simple jaw, complex inner ear, fully upright stance, forwardly extended ileum and open acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| How did the modern synapsid jaw form? |
|
Definition
| Pelycosaurs had several bone in low jaw, but cynodonts had one large jaw bone and two small supporting bones, modern mammals have only one jaw bone and the other two are the inner ear bone |
|
|
Term
| What type of teeth define mammals? |
|
Definition
| Mammals all go through primary and permanent teeth structure. Have multiple molar teeth |
|
|
Term
| What is the boundary between therapsids and mammals? |
|
Definition
| Between early jurassic triconodont and late triassic cynodont |
|
|
Term
| What define placental, maruspials and monotremes? |
|
Definition
| Placentals come from uterus, marsupials develop via placenta (growth in pouch - marsupium), and mnotremes, the most primite, are effectively reptilian still have yolky egg but is endothermic |
|
|
Term
| What are the two earliest jurassic mammals? |
|
Definition
| Triconodonts, and symmetrodonts |
|
|
Term
| When do monotremes, placentals and marsupials first appear? |
|
Definition
| Monotremes in early jurassic, placentals and maruspials in early cretaceous |
|
|
Term
| When is the oldest placental dates? Where? |
|
Definition
| 160, Juramaia sinesis, found in Liaoning China |
|
|
Term
| What is considered the burgess shale of cretaceous animals? What is found there? |
|
Definition
| Lianing province (jehol beds), sinosaurpteryx, early angiosperms, insect, marsupials and placentals |
|
|
Term
| Where are the oldest placentals from, oldest marsupials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the role of mammals in mesozoic? |
|
Definition
| Small and unspecialized insectivores |
|
|
Term
| What was the repenomamus? |
|
Definition
| Largest ever mammal,shown to ate dinosaurs (could have been hunter or scavenger) |
|
|
Term
| Why is there a huge expansion in mammal brain from cynodonts to modern cats and dogs? |
|
Definition
| Because of their lifestyle, they couldn't hope to compete with large dinosaurs. They lived mostly underground and needed high level of tactile sensation. |
|
|
Term
| What marine life went extinct at the cretaceous extinction? What specific thing survived? |
|
Definition
| All ammonites, coccoliths survived well - make up chalk found all over clifs of dover |
|
|
Term
| What two reasons explain the end cretaceous extinction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What volcano exploded at end cretaceous? Why do you see them today? |
|
Definition
| Deccan Flood basalts, half of india is layers of volcanic ash. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the bolide that hit the earth at the end cretaceous extinciton? Diameter of crater, energy? |
|
Definition
| 10km wide, 80km impact, impart 10,000 times more energy than all nuclear arsenals on earth today. |
|
|
Term
| What were the two direct climate results of the end creataceous bolide impact? |
|
Definition
| Stratospheric dust cloud that blocked out 99% of sun, lead to longest and coldest winter ever. The bolide would instantly go into aerosol form leading to huge amounts of poison being available |
|
|
Term
| What was the alvarez paper? What evidence was used (2)? |
|
Definition
| Suggested along with scientific evidence, that the 10km bolide struck earth at same as extinction of dinosaurs. Found 4 ppbillion of iridium at level of extinction (only present from bolides) and found shocked quartz that was pleiochroic (due to instantaneous increase in pressure) |
|
|
Term
| Bolide leads to instantaneous ________ in pressure, while volcanoes lead to instantaneous ______ in pressure/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did the end cretaceous specifically impact? |
|
Definition
| Chicxulub in the yucatan peninsula. |
|
|
Term
| What vegetation existed after cretaceous extinction? |
|
Definition
| Ferns spikes, angiosperms or gymnosperms could not have existed. They thrive in dark conditions |
|
|
Term
| What was the cause of each of the large extinction (major and intermediate)? |
|
Definition
| Permian - Siberian Traps, Ordovician -Icehouse, Devonian - Anoxia and glaciation, End triassic - Pangea volcanism, Cretaceous - Bolide and volcanism |
|
|
Term
| What three factors affect mass extinctions? What type of biotas are especially vulnerable? |
|
Definition
| Size, climate and evolutionary niche. Tropical and reef biotas are highly vulnerable |
|
|
Term
| Why are unspecialized animals favored post extinction? |
|
Definition
| They can feed on whatever is available, they can exist in multiple climates, adaptability is the only important thing post extinction |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most significant factors controlling history of life? |
|
Definition
| Natural Selection and Mass extinctions |
|
|
Term
| Why are crocodiles and sharks, species that have survived through multiple mass extinctions, not subject to the 35Kg rule? |
|
Definition
| Because the species themselves are not contiuous, but rather separate genera survive (small ones) that then evolve and radiate to become bigger until the next extinction |
|
|
Term
| What are the four carnivore guilds in the cenozoic that try to take over from the dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| Crocodiles, terror birds, mesonychids and creodonts |
|
|
Term
| Who was the top carniovre in the early cenozoic? Why do they never end up as the top carnivore in era outside of immmediate post extinction? |
|
Definition
| Crocodiles, have sprawling gait, haven't solved carrier's constraint and thererfore can't compete (don't have speed) |
|
|
Term
| What are mesonychids? Give an examples? |
|
Definition
| Large mammalian predators, 2 tons top carnivores that are wolf or deer like |
|
|
Term
| What period was the warmest of the last 100m? What caused the rapid drop in T afterwards? |
|
Definition
| The eocene, drop in climate because of india crashing into asia and australia pulling off antartica creating circumantartic current |
|
|
Term
| What was the minor extinction at end eocene called? Why did it happen? |
|
Definition
| La Grande Coupur, caused by ice sheets (india running into asia and also antartica separating from australia) |
|
|
Term
| Who became the top carnivore guild after La grande coupur? Who went extinct? |
|
Definition
| The modern carnivora, the mesonychids and terror birds go extinct, and the creodonts barely survived |
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of modern carnivora? What defines them? |
|
Definition
| Feliformia and caniformia, defined as large canines. Sabre toothed cat, dire wolf |
|
|
Term
| What tooth structures separate cats and dogs? |
|
Definition
| Cats carnassles are their back teeth, but dog carnasssles have teeth behind them |
|
|
Term
| Describe the organization of grass eating in the savanna ecosystem? |
|
Definition
| Zebras only eat tops of grass, wildebeasts only eat middle of grass, springbok eat bottom of grass |
|
|
Term
| What is a grazer vs. a browser? Give an example of both |
|
Definition
| Grazers eat grass, browsers eat trees and small shrubs. Grazers are like zebras or horses ,browsers are like giraffes, considered high browsers |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the megaherbivores? Give an example? |
|
Definition
| They keep trees down, trees would grow up and limit the availability of food. Elephants |
|
|
Term
| What are the similarities between a miocene savannah and a modern savannah? |
|
Definition
| None of the animals or species are the same, but all of the guilds are the same, same parts different players. Elephants, rhinos, hippos. Miocene zygolophodon, ambeledon and aphelops were rhinos, teloceras were hippos |
|
|
Term
| What animal dominated the grazer guild in the miocene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who filled the carnivore guild in the miocene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the proper term for odd toed ungulates? even toe ungulates? |
|
Definition
| Odd toed are perissodactly, even are artiodactyls |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of perissodactyls (odd toed ungulates) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of artiodactlys? |
|
Definition
| antelopes, cows and giraffes (even toes) |
|
|
Term
| What were more common in eocone, perissodactlys or artiodactlys? Modern? |
|
Definition
| Eocene - perissodactyls (odd toed ungulates) were 60%, but modern artiodactlys take up more than 95% of all ungulates |
|
|
Term
| What are chalicotheres? When did they exist? |
|
Definition
| They look like a cross between camel and gorilla, but actually are carnivora (early dogs). Existed in eocene and pleistocene |
|
|
Term
| What was the largest land mammal ever? when did it exist? |
|
Definition
| Indricotherium, in oligocene and eocene rhino |
|
|
Term
| What was the dawn horse? Perissodactly or artiodactyl? |
|
Definition
| Hyracotherium, was a horse therefore perissodactyl |
|
|
Term
| What happened to horse toes from miocene to oligocene? What did this do for their activity? What was their role in the savannah? |
|
Definition
| They lost toes, went from 5 to 3. This lead to a height increase, an increase in speed. they were browsers |
|
|
Term
| When was the age of horses? What were their roles? |
|
Definition
| Miocene, grazers and browsers |
|
|
Term
| What is equus? Does it still exist? |
|
Definition
| Modern horses, important under beginning of pleistocene. Extinct in N.A but still present in africa as zebras, and wild horses in asia called furrel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the trends of horse evolution from eocene to miocene of horse body size, foot structure and teeth? |
|
Definition
| Size increase was exponential from 20kg to 500kg modern horses, foot structure went from 3 to 5 toes to 1 hoof (allowed them to run faster, less ability in forest system). Teeth got higher and more complex, more blunt, diet significantly changed |
|
|
Term
| Describe the movement of horses between asia and N.A? Where did horses first evolve? |
|
Definition
| Horses first evolvedin N.A, under four separate events tried to migrate to europe but went extinct every time until equus. However, equus then went extinct in N.A, so only modern forms of equus are in europe |
|
|
Term
| What is the chronological scale of horse evolution (different species)? |
|
Definition
| Hyracotherium - merychippus- hipparion - equus |
|
|
Term
| What are the four reasons or horse evolution? |
|
Definition
| Climate change (cooling and drying), co-evolution with plants, migrations, local extinctions |
|
|
Term
| What was the transition in climate from eocene to modern day? how did this affect horse role? |
|
Definition
| Cooler and drier, went from forest to savannah to prairies, changed from browsers to grazers |
|
|
Term
| Describe the co-evolution between horses and grasses? |
|
Definition
| Before the miocene, C3 grasses were dominant. However c4 grasses became dominant and contain phytoliths shards of silica makes them difficult to eat, harder than modern teeth (7 vs 5). Horse teeth has evolved to be longer flat and fuller to function for grazing on c4 plants. After coupe de gras (end eocene extinction) there are no more low tooth browsers (can't compete because they are ground off by C4 plants) and all you are left with is high tooth browsers |
|
|
Term
| What are the major mammalian group in australia? Major trees? Why is so specific? |
|
Definition
| Marsupials, only non marsupials are bats. Trees are all eucalyptus. This is because of physical separation of australia from antartica and therfore the rest of the wold during mammal migration |
|
|
Term
| When marsupials spread to australia, where did placentals get to? |
|
Definition
| they got to NA and SA, but they couldn't make it australia because by the oligocene it was separated. |
|
|
Term
| What is riversliegh? What is found here (5)? |
|
Definition
| Shallow pits geologic and historic site in Australia. Tells the story on the australian arc. Find giant platapus skull with closed fork (therapsid origin, monotreme), giant wombats (diprotodon), tasmanian wolf (thylacine), marsupial lion (thylacoleo), carnivorous kangaroo) |
|
|
Term
| What was the climate like in the oligocene? Miocene? Pliocene? |
|
Definition
| It was wetter and warmer than it is now (process of getting cooler and drier from end eocene). Micoene was still wet and warm, but things were dry? In the pliocene you see an ecosystem that is really drying out |
|
|
Term
| What is the top carnivore in australia in the miocene? |
|
Definition
| The thylacoleo (marsupial lion) |
|
|
Term
| What is the top carnivore in the australial pleistocene? What are the animals like ? |
|
Definition
| The monitor lizards, age of giant everything, giant wombats, kangaroos, emu. |
|
|
Term
| Why would we assume marsupial couldn't be top carnivore in SA? Was our assumption right? |
|
Definition
| In australia, they barely were able to fill that role when there was no competition, couldn't compete with lizards and crocodiles. No, all of top carnivore filled by marsupials |
|
|
Term
| What was the top sabre tooth carnivore in SA named? what is remarkable about it's structure? |
|
Definition
| Thylacosmilus, had giant sabre teeth (longest ever), had pouches on its lower jaw to house its teeth |
|
|
Term
| What was another top carnivore in SA, other than thylacosmilus (related to hyena) in the miocene and pliocene? |
|
Definition
| Boryhaena, an active scavenger and hunter |
|
|
Term
| Who filled the top role of herbivores in south america? two examples |
|
Definition
| Placentals- glyptodon (armoured mega turtle) and megatherium (giant ground sloth) |
|
|
Term
| What is diprotodon? Megatherium? |
|
Definition
| Diprotodon is giant wombat from australia, megatherium is giant sloth from SA |
|
|
Term
| What was the major event before SA and NA connection in pleistocene? Describe what happened? |
|
Definition
| Plate tectonics, andes started to rise, caused giant rain shadow, savannahs disappeared. |
|
|
Term
| When did SA and NA reconnect? What was it called? When did it start, finish? |
|
Definition
| 7m years ago, called the great american interchange, finished connecting isthmus of panama by 3m yr |
|
|
Term
| What is the net effect of the great american interchange? WHy? |
|
Definition
| SA biota went extinct, dominated by NA biota. SA biota didn't fare that well in NA, but NA biota dominated in Sa NA was always connected, bigger land mass, more specialized animals. Big beats little, everytime |
|
|
Term
| What took over as top carnivores in SA post G.A.I? Omnivore and small omnivores? |
|
Definition
| Carnivora, actually sabretooth cats (not thylacosmilus), omnivores were bears (not borhyenadis) and small omnivores taken by weasels and dogs (not opposums and marsupials) |
|
|
Term
| What are plesiadapsids? What is their relation to primates? |
|
Definition
| Totally extinct group, sister group to primates |
|
|
Term
| When did primates come off cladistically? What is included in their clade? |
|
Definition
| Came off at early cenozoic, group includes lemurs and bats |
|
|
Term
| When did the plesiadapsids exist? What features about their snout, brain, teeth separated them from simpe primates (lemurs)? |
|
Definition
| Long narrow snout (more flat), no postorbital bar, larger brain, gap teeth call diastema, no opposble toe |
|
|
Term
| What was said to be the link between primates and plesiadapsids? |
|
Definition
| Capolestes, had a long snout, small brain, opposble big toe, last branch off group before we get to general primates |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main groups of primates? What species are in each of them? |
|
Definition
Prosimians and anthropoids
Prosimians - Lemurs, adapids, afradapis
Anthropoids - new and old monkeys, Apes and humans |
|
|
Term
| how did la grande coupor affect prosimians? |
|
Definition
| Wiped out all prosimians outside of asia and africa, not to mention took out terror birds, mesonychids and almost all primates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ancestor to monkey and ape found 35MA in western egypt |
|
|
Term
| What is proconsul?When was it found? |
|
Definition
| Simian that is a mix of primitve and advanced features, advanced facial features, rest of body is primitve. Direct line towards hominoids. Found in miocene (half as old as aegyptopithicus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the modern form of primate classification? |
|
Definition
| Gorillas, chimps and humans fall into the same group, organutangs are different. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the great rift valley the site of most of african simian evolution? |
|
Definition
| Plate tectonics created high mountain range and changed rain patterns. Created two distinct habitats, of wetlands and dry land. Humans had to adapt to dry lands, chimps in wetlands |
|
|
Term
| Why is there such good evidence of human existence near the great rift valley? |
|
Definition
| Rapid sedimentation of fossils in rift valley was caused by abundant volcanism. |
|
|
Term
| What does oxygen isotope data tell us about the great rift valley in the pliocene? |
|
Definition
| It is gradually getting cooler, moving from woodland to grassland. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oldest probably hominid? When did it exist, what features did it have for us to assume it was a hominid? (name 2) |
|
Definition
| Sahelantropus, 6Ma ago. Had flattened face, oval foramen magnum (typical of bipeds) |
|
|
Term
| What was ardipithecus? When was it found? |
|
Definition
| Found 4.4 Ma, Hominid fossil |
|
|
Term
| What do ardi's face, teeth and hands tell us about it's lifestyle? |
|
Definition
| Face was flatter (more human than chimp, teeth had no wear (generalized omnivore, fruit eater), partial feminization of teeth (no need for teeth to fight, changed social structure), and hands were ideal for climbing (but not knuckle walking) |
|
|
Term
| What was ardi's acetabulum like? What does that tell us? |
|
Definition
| Open acetabulu, definitely coul have walked, but probably was a facultative biped, adept on ground or in trees. |
|
|
Term
| What can we say about the last common ancestor of chimps and ardipithecus? |
|
Definition
| Fruit eating, palmigrade arborealist (moving on hands, living in tree) |
|
|
Term
| Why did the climate change enhance the split between chimps and ardipithecus or homo ancestors? |
|
Definition
| Gorillas and chimps adapted well to rain forest life (wetter) and ardipithecus adapted to the drier climate by walking on its feet to find water |
|
|
Term
| What were darwin's two predictions about human evolution |
|
Definition
| Evolved in africa, and that human brain size separated us from hominids |
|
|
Term
| What is the taung child? Why was it problematic for scientists of the day? |
|
Definition
| An australopithecus afaranesis found in south africa, 2.5Ma, had ape like upper skull by human like lower jaw. Contradicted darwins predictions on human evolution, that they devloped human traits from brain down, not from body up |
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of australopithecus? What are traits that separate them? Which is the homo ancestor? |
|
Definition
Gracile and Robust
Gracile was taller, narrower, couldn't speak (hyoid bone), human like femur and tibia and fully biped. Robust was hort and stocky. Gracile was ancestral to homo |
|
|
Term
| What is the only bone in your body not connected to other bone? What is it's anthropological significance? |
|
Definition
| Hyoid - shape , allows us to find out about the speaking abilities of the animal |
|
|
Term
| Could australopithecus make tools? climb trees? What do we know about it's ribcage, what did they tell us about it's diet and lifestyle? |
|
Definition
| Didn't have proper hands, couldn't make tools. Had good feet for climbing, and had funnel shaped ribcage, which meant it had low athleticism and couldn't run for long times. It ate rather lots of coarse vegetable matter and had high roughage in it's diet |
|
|
Term
| What did the ratio of male/female size tell us about robust australopithecines social structure/ |
|
Definition
| Had a ratio between monogamous (1.2) and harem based(2.0 or greater) in primates. Along with feminzation of teeth, showed more egalitarian social structure |
|
|
Term
| What was the saggital crest in australopithecines for? |
|
Definition
| To anchor jaw muscles becuase it needed lots of tooth movement to eat coarse vegetables |
|
|
Term
| What is found at Laeotli?When was it dated at? What do the discoveries tell us about homonid toes and social structure? |
|
Definition
| Oldest human footprints ever, 3.6Ma years old. Tell us that it had no opposable big toe and because there are two sets of prints means that female and males walked together (large and small footprints that are even). Also because her left outside feet are deeper, shows she was carrying a child on her hip |
|
|
Term
| What is the association between australopithecine and sabre tooth cats? |
|
Definition
| They were eaten by them, who were the top carnivore in africa at the time (pliocene) |
|
|
Term
| What was the first homo described? by whom? what do we know about its brain, hands, feet? What tradition is it associated with? |
|
Definition
| Homo Habilis, by the Leakey's. Descendant of australopithecines. Brain was 450-600 cc, 50% bigger than australopithecines, hands were suitable for tools, not for climbing. Associated with the olduwan tool tradition. |
|
|
Term
| What was the olduwan tool tradition? When did they first appear, who used them? What advantage did they give? |
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Definition
| First appeared 2.6Ma, hammestone and chopper tools. USed by homo habilis, and opportunistic materials made them. They were made by things around them, used for a short period and then thrown away. Allowed homo habilis to eat bone marrow because of tool use, feed it's large brain requirements. |
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Term
| What differed between homo habilus and homo erectus? Size, brain, hands, rib cage, tooth structure? |
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Definition
| Homo erectus was taller and leaner, large brain, short hands good for tools, poor for climbing. Ribs were barrel shaped with narrow hips. Teeth were structure for omnivoric lifestyle |
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Term
| What did homo erectus's rib cage tell us about it's life style? |
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Definition
| HAd a barrel shaped rib cage, that allowed it to have a big cage ang lung to maintain high athleticism. Beginning of long distance running |
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Term
| What tool tradition did homo erectus have? When first reported? What do we know about these tools? |
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Definition
| Acheulian tool tradition, from 1.8Ma. They were passed on from generation to the next, not just tools they made from materials they found around them. |
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Term
| When are neanderthals first described? Where did they live? What type of tools did they use? |
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Definition
| 150,000 B.P, lived in cave, organized lifestyle, used mousterian tools which required fine manufacturing |
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Term
| What do we know about neandethal hyoid? Neanderthal teeth in women? |
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Definition
| IT was fundamentally the same as humans, could speak and therefore did speak. Females had strongly protruding teeth, seen now in inuits, come from strethcing hyde to made clothes |
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Term
| What is the first proof that neanderthals wore clothes? |
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Definition
| From the protruding jaw of female neanderthals, that they needed to stretch hyde to make clothes. They needed clothes during glacial periods and that is why they thrived |
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Term
| What colour hair could neanderthals have had? |
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Definition
| Technicaly anything, but would have had wider normal array of skin colour than in normal population. Small population had same range as homo sapiens do over entire species. |
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Term
| When did homo sapiens first develop? How did they make it past arid arabian desert? What tool tradition did they have? |
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Definition
| 160,000 B.P. , made it past arabian because it was during a warm wet period. they used the aurignacian tools? |
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Term
| Who used the aurignacian tool traditions? What did it look like? What were they used for? |
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Definition
| The homo sapiens, were wood and ivory tools. Used to kill, but also to paints. They were both realistic and stylistic. |
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Term
| What is the proof that homo sapiens didn't live in caves like neanderthals? What did this allow them to do/ |
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Definition
| Found cast of tent peg, shows they constructed shelter outside of cave margins. this alleviated living constructionism, could live anywhere. |
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Term
| Where do we see the first deliberate burial with gifts? what was left? |
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Definition
| In homo sapiens caves, we see flint knife and jewelry left. |
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Term
| When do we see first music, deep sea fishings, cave paintings? |
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Definition
| All with homo sapiens, cave paintigs at Lascaux, both realistic and symbolistic |
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Term
| What three modern human anatomical features were important to human evolution? |
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Definition
| Post orbital closures, high forehead and loss of tail |
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Term
| What two models try to explain the two distinct euopean hominid species? What do each say? |
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Definition
| The multi regional model and out of africa model. Multi regional model says that homo erectus evolved and went around the world, the european homo erectus wen trhough neanderthals to become europeans, african homo erectus because africans etc.. The out of africa model says that different homo species that populated out of africa went extinct and homo sapiens from africa populated the world. European homos are more closely related to african homos than neanderthals |
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Term
| What does genetic work point to in terms of the dichotomy of european habitation by different homo species? |
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Definition
| Points to little amount of neanderthal genome is non african, that minor interbreeding occured in the middle east. Supports the out of africa method, there is some interbreedings but genetically everyone is mostly similar |
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Term
| When did homo sapiens first leave africa? Reach australia, americas, new zealand? |
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Definition
| 50,000 , 50,000, 20,000 and only a thousand years ago |
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Term
| What are the main creatures that associated with homo sapiens in europe? what was the climate like in the paleocene? |
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Definition
| Irish Elk, we cold, most of world covered in ice sheets, sea level is low. |
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Term
| What is milankovitch cyclicity theory? Does the climate theory really make sense? |
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Definition
| Climate theory that has a 1:1 correlation with extinction. The theory that a taxon could go extinct in ukraine, die of cold snap. But it would die in another area because of warm periods. Doesn't make sense, no congruance |
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Term
| Pleistocene mammals could survive many climate changes, but what changed during the holocene (2)? |
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Definition
Human predators - caused mass extinctions in large mammals but no extinction of marine mammals. Least severe in africa.
Change of climate - allowed humans to move between places |
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Term
| Why were the least widespread extinction of mammals in holecene in africa than in NA? |
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Definition
| Because humans evolved with mammals in africa, but by the time they got to NA they were over developed and killed everything |
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Term
| Why do small mammals survive human intervention everywhere except australia? |
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Definition
| Because in australia, they hunted by burning down forests. |
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Term
| What were the three species of mammoths, where did they live? |
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Definition
| Prairies - southern mammoth, north steppe - wooly mammoths, and easter forests was for mastodons. |
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Term
| When did the mastodons go extinct? why? and how do we know? |
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Definition
| Around 13,000, because of human poaching. Know because we find iowa mastodons killed with spears. |
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Term
| Why are australians forests so fire resistant? |
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Definition
| They have burned for years and years as hunting techniques, only eucalyptids survive because those are the most fire resistant. |
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Term
| In Hawaii, what happened to the Moa in the holocene? |
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Definition
| Humans came, created traditions of killing them, and within 500 years went extinct in new zealand. Group of flightless birds, ratites |
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Term
| What is a faulty point in the predator argument for modern extinctions of mammals? |
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Definition
| They argue that there is no replacement, therefore mostly climate based. However, there is replacement, humans. Barnowsky argues that although megafauna biomass dropped, human biomass increased crazily. |
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Term
| What technological advancement or period around 500 years ago lead to changes in carrying capacity? |
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Definition
| Extraction of mineral and energy from earth, lead to human doubling of carrying capactiy in the industrial revolution |
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Term
| What is the current carrying capacity in reference to wher eit was 2000 yr ago? Global diversity? |
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Definition
| It is 7x what it normally is, global diversity is terribel, 90% of mammalian things are humans and their livestock |
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Term
| Why is modern farming land highly degraded? |
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Definition
| Climate change and poor farming lead to decrease in productivity of farmland and cities destroy green areas |
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Term
| What is the chenjiang lagesttaten? What do we learn from this? |
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Definition
| In china, where we find early cambrian craniates, where we imply that bonelesss fish arose in early cambrian explosion |
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Term
| What were the first jawed bony fish/ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the old red sandstone? what does it tell us? |
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Definition
| Collision of NA and europe in devonian produce complex of mountain, lowlands and shallow seas. The sandstone preserved the life in the shallow seas |
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Term
| Where do find the best example of rhyniophytes? |
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Definition
| From the rhynie chert of scotland |
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Term
| What three genera are grouped together as amniotes? |
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Definition
| Reptiles, mammals and birds |
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Term
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Definition
| Earliest stem group reptile from scotland |
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Term
| What was included in early triassic disaster biotas? |
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Definition
| Stromatolites, terrestrial weeds |
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Term
| What are the lazarus taxa and elvis taxa? |
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Definition
| During the mid triassic rebound phase, the taxa were either the same as pre-extinction forms - Lazarus, or convergent with preextinction forms (elvis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stem group of archosaurs that utilized all types of postures. Include crocodiles and Parasuchids, pterosaurs, dinosaurs |
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Term
| What is considered the oldest dinosaur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dimensionless speed and ambling speeds? |
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Definition
| dimensionless speed is v^2/gl (gravity * leg length) where ambling speeds are typical movement speeds for dinosaurs, that were close to 2-5km/hour |
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Term
| What is shown at Winton, in queensland? |
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Definition
| Faster speeds of dinosaurs shown by dinosaur stampede |
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Term
| What is the difference between ammonites and belemnites? |
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Definition
| AMmonites are coiled cephalopds, while belmnites are cigar shaped squidlike cephalopds |
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Term
| What fall into the class of sauropterigians? |
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Definition
| ICtheosaurs, mososaurs and pleiosaur |
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Term
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Definition
| Darwin associate that proposed birds evolved from dinosaurs |
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Term
| What permitted the maniratproid dinosaurs to slash attack? |
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Definition
| the half moon shaped wristbone |
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Term
| Where do we find the archaeopteryx feathers? |
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Definition
| From the solehofen limestone of germany |
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Term
| What were terror birds in N. hemisphere called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most advanced therapsids, before mammals |
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Term
| What were multituberculates and why were they named as such? |
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Definition
| Most common mesozoic mammals, called so for rows of cuspate teeth |
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Term
| Another name for maruspials? Placentals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the Pakicetus? Ambulocetus and Baleen whales? |
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Definition
| Pakicetus was a whale ancestor and coastal terrestrial dwell, ambulocetus was shoreline carnivore capable of land and sea funtion. Baleen whales had evolved from toothed ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What were two examples of large herbivore perissodactyl? |
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Definition
| Titanotheres (form on axel heiberg) and Chalicotheres, also indricotherium |
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Term
| Who found the taung child? |
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Definition
| Raymond dart, in south africa |
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Term
| What genus was robust australopithecine commonly placed in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term leaky replacement mean? |
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Definition
| Some minor genetic transference between neanderthals and homo sapiens outside africa, most separate |
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Term
| What is the overkill hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Theory that humans have killed all large and some small mammal species |
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Term
| What is the significance of the desert elephant? |
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Definition
| elephants destroy everything, like we do. However, the desert elephants are serene and possibly the more evolved form. Maybe humans can become like that |
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