Term
|
Definition
| the amount of empty space in an aquifer |
|
|
Term
| what does porosity of a aquifer depend on |
|
Definition
| this features depends on the sorting, shape, and cementation of grains in an aquifer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of rock or sediment to transmit groundwater |
|
|
Term
| what does permeability depend on |
|
Definition
| this feature is defined by the spaces in the ground and how well those spaces are connected |
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|
Term
| what force can cause groundwater to move against gravity |
|
Definition
| hydraulic pressure can make groundwater do this, which it would not do normally |
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|
Term
| water moves faster on the surface than in the ground because of this fact |
|
Definition
| groundwater has to move through along indirect pathways in the soil, meaning |
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|
Term
| saturated crust that can create useful quantities of water when tapped by a well |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highly permeable patches of earth under the ground such as gravel, sand, sandstone, or highly fractured rock such as limestone lend themselves to what |
|
Definition
| areas where aquifers form |
|
|
Term
| when preexisting rock/sediment undergoes a process to make it more porous, that material know has |
|
Definition
| this is what creates secondary porosity |
|
|
Term
| some process that create secondary porosity |
|
Definition
| fracturing, dissolution, and faulting lead this this type of porosity |
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|
Term
| process to create a karst |
|
Definition
| when groundwater dissolves carbonate rock |
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|
Term
| sinkholes, disappearing streams, subterranean drainage features, caves, springs and steep hillslides and slopes are a result of what groundwater-related formation |
|
Definition
| all these features are evidence of karsts |
|
|
Term
| springs are where what meets the surface |
|
Definition
| natural springs are when the water table intersects this |
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|
Term
| this feature is when water is removed from an aquifer at a rate faster than it is repelenished |
|
Definition
| cone of depression is caused by this |
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|
Term
| cone of depression does what to hydraulic gradient |
|
Definition
| hydraulic gradient is increased by this man-made feature |
|
|
Term
| what a cone of depression looks like |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fayettecountygroundwater.com/images/cone_of_depression.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fayettecountygroundwater.com/educational_info.htm&h=513&w=733&sz=40&tbnid=u2DjM8OIi3MRqM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=129&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcone%2Bof%2Bdepression%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=cone+of+depression&usg=__vVf-atp7gKFUa--RXRygyz1syZU=&docid=v2HMWKHWzlEdvM&sa=X&ei=jQ-gUOayHeqW0QGi3IH4Bw&ved=0CDkQ9QEwAg&dur=484 |
|
|
Term
| hyrdualic gradient equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in the equation
V= K(h2-h1)/L
what does each letter represent |
|
Definition
in the hydraulic gradient equation
V=velocity of groundwater flow
K=coefficent of permeability
h's are heights of two points that gradient is measured between
L is distance between two points |
|
|
Term
| groundwater discharge is defined by what equation |
|
Definition
Darcy's law
Q=AK(h1-h2)/L
is the equation for this measurement |
|
|
Term
| how do you get from hyrdaulic gradeint to groundwater discharge |
|
Definition
| multiply by area through which the water flows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyrdaulic conductivty measures this and is a part of this equation |
|
Definition
| this measurement measures the rate at which water can move through a sediment/rock, and is the "K" value in hydraulic gradient |
|
|
Term
| hydraulic gradient is made of these two parts |
|
Definition
| hyrdaulic conductivty times slope |
|
|
Term
| recharge of groundwater comes primarily from where |
|
Definition
| metoric water goes into groundwater in this process |
|
|
Term
| groundwater discharge happens when |
|
Definition
| when groundwater appears above the surface, it is this |
|
|
Term
| a conduit aquifer is a result of what formation |
|
Definition
| a karst can lead to this special type of aquifer |
|
|
Term
| an aquifer where water moves primarily by flowing through open channels in the rock |
|
Definition
| a conduit aquifer is defined by this characterisitc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of impermeable matter that water cannot saturate |
|
|
Term
| a aquitard around a aquifer creates what |
|
Definition
| a confined aquifer is created by this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest level of saturated soil under the ground |
|
|
Term
an area so dry there are no small or moderate permanet streams, only large rivers
an area where vegatation only covers 15% of the surface
less than 25 cm precipatation a year |
|
Definition
| three features of deserts |
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of subtropical deserts |
|
Definition
| sahara and south african desert are examples of this desert |
|
|
Term
| the three cells the in earth's atmospheric circulation system |
|
Definition
hadley cell is from 0-30°
ferrel cell is from 30°-60°
polar cell is 60°-pole |
|
|
Term
| why there is uplift at the equator |
|
Definition
| becuase hottest tempertures there |
|
|
Term
| rain shadows are created by what |
|
Definition
| a feature (mountains) that cause air to lose its moisture and rain out, leaving very little precipitation downwind of them causes this phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| why can mountains create a rainshadow |
|
Definition
| becuase clouds rise when they reach mountains, and the colder air up there causes them to rain out thier contents |
|
|
Term
| cold ocean currents can create this kind of desert |
|
Definition
| coastal desets are created by what feature |
|
|
Term
| why do cold ocean currents create deserts |
|
Definition
| cold ocean currents bring cold air, which moves over hot land and quickly rises, leaving few clouds and little rain |
|
|
Term
| the gobi desert is an example of this type of desert |
|
Definition
| one example of a contintental interior desert |
|
|
Term
| why continental interiors sometimes house deserts |
|
Definition
| becuase by the time clouds get to the middle of the contient, they are all rained out and have no picked up little moisture because they have been over land |
|
|
Term
| why are there deserts in polar areas |
|
Definition
| cold air over polar regions contains little water, and the little water that is there warms and expands as it descends, inhibiting cloud formation |
|
|
Term
| subtropical deserts are found where |
|
Definition
| around 30° N and S latitude |
|
|
Term
| how quickly does weathering occur in a desert |
|
Definition
| weathering occurs slowly in this type of biome becuase of small amount of water and other reasons |
|
|
Term
| one form of chemical weathering in deserts |
|
Definition
| desert varnish is an example of this kind of weathering in deserts |
|
|
Term
| when microrganisms facilitate the creation of black coating made of iron oxide, magnesium, and clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dry wash, arroyo, and wadj are all synoyms for what |
|
Definition
| 3 words for dry, long ditches that fill up with water during flash floods |
|
|
Term
| why deserts are eroded heavily by wind |
|
Definition
| there is little vegation to hold surface materials together |
|
|
Term
| when materials are airborne, being carried by the wind they are this kind of load |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when materials move along the ground by saltation being pushed by wind, they are what kind of load? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heavy materials left behind when lighter materials are moved by an erosional force ie winds, water, waves |
|
|
Term
| desert pavement comes from what |
|
Definition
| lag deposits in the desert create this formation |
|
|
Term
| what feature of a rock makes it vulnerable to ventifacts, and why |
|
Definition
| softer rocks like limestone are vulnerable to this process, becuase softer rocks are eroded by wind-blown sand faster |
|
|
Term
| when rocks are carved and etchted by wind carrying a suspended load, it is this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process of deflation is started by this occurance |
|
Definition
| an area becomes susecptible to wind erosion, usally becuase of loss of vegatation |
|
|
Term
| a depression/hole created by wind erosion sometimes are interupted by big rocks on a narrow extension of earth, what are three names for this this and why are they there |
|
Definition
| they are yardangs and hoo-doos and balancing rocks, and they are casued by a rock sheilding the ground under it from erosion. |
|
|
Term
| holes created by deflation are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the formation of talus specific to deserts |
|
Definition
| talus aprons form in this envoirnment |
|
|
Term
| salt lakes are specific to what enviornments |
|
Definition
| deserts often include this type of lake |
|
|
Term
| playa is different from a lake in this way |
|
Definition
| this feature is a lakebed that only has water sometimes |
|
|
Term
| these materials serve as evaporites |
|
Definition
| salt (halite) and gypsum in deserts |
|
|
Term
| evaporites result from this |
|
Definition
| when mineral-rich water evaporates, it leaves this behind |
|
|
Term
| loess are a desert feature made of this |
|
Definition
| piles of layerd, fine grain silt and mud make this feature, it is found where |
|
|
Term
| this feature is found in the form of plateaus in china, it generally exists in this enviornment |
|
Definition
| an example of loess, generally speaking they are found in deserts |
|
|
Term
| dunes are piles of this sized particle |
|
Definition
| this feature is a pile of sand |
|
|
Term
| dunes are found in this environment |
|
Definition
| desert include this feature, piles of sand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the angle a downwind side a dune makes with the ground |
|
|
Term
| this arrangement defines cross bedding |
|
Definition
| when layers of sedimentary rock lay at an angle to ground |
|
|
Term
| wind-blown dunes, ocean bottoms or sides, beaches, and rivers all deposit sediment in a way that it congrous to this feature |
|
Definition
| 4 methods of deposition that lead to cross-bedding |
|
|
Term
| shaped like a crescent moon with the ends pointing downwind, barchan dunes are created under these circumstances |
|
Definition
| when there is limited sediment that may be positioned in piles far away from one another, it forms this physical arrangement with this name |
|
|
Term
| barchan dunes look like this and are caused by this |
|
Definition
| these dunes are crescent shaped with the horns pointing downwind, and they are formed when there are small amounts of sediment seperated by large distances |
|
|
Term
| image of transverse dunes |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&tbo=d&biw=925&bih=691&tbm=isch&tbnid=FIIUCmAOMk1TyM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1300/deserts.html&docid=rqfIhvogfRbgFM&imgurl=http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1300/transverse.gif&w=400&h=280&ei=g4GgULn2HLDD0AG63oDACQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=208&vpy=254&dur=881&hovh=187&hovw=267&tx=138&ty=89&sig=114254960698891589706&page=1&tbnh=144&tbnw=205&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:168 |
|
|
Term
| the long, wavy, linear dunes of transverse dunes are at this angle with the wind |
|
Definition
| these dunes are perpindicular to the wind direction |
|
|
Term
| parabolic dunes form under these conditions and take this shape |
|
Definition
| these dunes are characterized by crescent shaped dunes with ends pointing upwind in area with a lot of vegatation and sediment |
|
|
Term
| one reason that ends of a parabolic dune are most upwind |
|
Definition
| loose sediment with sediment anchored by vegatation on either side creates this feature |
|
|
Term
| long, skinny dunes that are slightly curvy or straight are created by what |
|
Definition
| winds that come from different directions at different times |
|
|
Term
| the reaon longitudinal dunes are so long |
|
Definition
| there is a large net sand movement assoicaited with these dunes, resulting in them having this feature |
|
|
Term
| winds can blow in different directions under this circumstance |
|
Definition
| this erosional factor changes with the seasons |
|
|
Term
| when winds blow sand towards one point, what results and what does it look like |
|
Definition
| a star dune, a pyramid of sand that may have arms radiating from the center is caused by this type of wind |
|
|
Term
| a star dune takes this shape |
|
Definition
| a pyramid of sand that may have arms radiating from the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| semiarid regions get this much rain |
|
Definition
| 25-50 cm per year defines an area of what aridity |
|
|
Term
| biogenic/organic rock comes from this |
|
Definition
| when remains of living things become sedimentary rock |
|
|
Term
| biogenic ooze consists of this and comes from this |
|
Definition
| this material is CaO3 (calcium carbonate) and comes from the fossils of carbonate organisms |
|
|
Term
| skeltal limestone comes from these two forms of fossils |
|
Definition
| biogenic ooze and peices of reef organsisms such as coral fossilize and form this type of biogenic rock |
|
|
Term
| depostional feature including conglomerate rock, poorly sorted pieces, clastic sedimentary rocks, rounding, and grain size ranging from boulders to silt |
|
Definition
| depostional features of a glacier |
|
|
Term
| a glacier would leave behind what types of depositional features? |
|
Definition
| the depostional features of this feature include poorly sorted pecies, conglomerate rock, grain size ranging from boulders to sand, clastic sedimentary rocks, all rock types and some rounding |
|
|
Term
| the depositional feature of a desert |
|
Definition
| this feature has depositional features such as fine grain sediment, well-sorted sediment, well rounded grains, and cross-bedding, |
|
|
Term
| well rounded, well sorted small grains with cross bedding, these depositional features are evidence of |
|
Definition
| these depostional features are evidence of deserts |
|
|
Term
| depositional features of alluvial fans |
|
Definition
| depostional features include poorly sorted, many different sized clasts, some rounding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a special term for thin flat layers of bedding |
|
|
Term
| if the depositonal features include laminar bedding, fossils, little rounding of grains shows little flow of water, |
|
Definition
| how to tell if depositional features of a lake |
|
|
Term
| what are two indicators of flow in stream sediment |
|
Definition
| well rounded, well sorted clasts are evidence of flow in stream depositional features |
|
|
Term
| mountain stream enviornment depsitional features |
|
Definition
| depitional features such as rounded clasts and well sorted clasts indicate this type of envionrment |
|
|
Term
| depositional features of deltas |
|
Definition
| depositional features include fine grain sediment, well sorted silt and mud, minerals such as quartz and clay |
|
|
Term
| a form of limestone make from shells loosely cemeted together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coquina forms here, from this |
|
Definition
| ocean enviornments where peices of shells are cemeted together form this type of biogenic rock |
|
|
Term
| biochemical chert originates in these |
|
Definition
| organic beds of silica-rich fossils of plankton |
|
|
Term
| when silica-rich fossils of plankton collect in a bed, this sedimentary rock will form from it |
|
Definition
| biochemical chert comes from this source |
|
|
Term
| this organic rock that undergoes physical and chemical changes to become coal |
|
Definition
| peat's relationship to coal |
|
|
Term
| when plants in a wetland build up faster than decay occurs, it leads to this organic accumlation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two examples of chemical sedimentary rocks that come from evaporites, and the minerals they are composed of |
|
Definition
| rock salt, compsed of the mineral halite and rock salt, composed of the mineral gypsum, are alike in what way |
|
|
Term
| when halite-rich water evaporates, it leaves this |
|
Definition
| what leads up to the creation of rock salt |
|
|
Term
| when gypsum rich water evaporates, it leaves this |
|
Definition
| rock salt, the process to create this evaporite |
|
|
Term
| process that leads to dolostone |
|
Definition
| when magnesuim rich groundwater is present while dolostone is being created, and magnesuim is incorperated in the rock, making dolostone instead of limestone |
|
|
Term
| when limestone is being created, this happens when magnesuim rich groundwater is present |
|
Definition
| why dolostone would be created instead of limestone |
|
|
Term
| the mineral dolostone is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precipiated chert is made of this mineral in this form |
|
Definition
| microcrystalline quartz makes this rock |
|
|
Term
| mircocrystalline quartz precipiates out of water to form this |
|
Definition
| how precipated chert forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when waves break agaisnt the coast at an angle, they generate this current which moves parallel to the coast |
|
|
Term
| main sediments moved by longshore currents |
|
Definition
| longshore currents move sand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when sediment is transported down a beach by longshore current |
|
|
Term
| wave refraction moves waves to form what angle to the shoreline |
|
Definition
| this phemomenea moves waves parallel to the coastline |
|
|
Term
| when water build up in the surf zone and flows out all at once into the breaker zone |
|
Definition
| defintion of rip currents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the vertical distance between a trough and peak of a wave |
|
|
Term
| principle of original horizontality |
|
Definition
| sedimentary rocks are horizontal when deposited |
|
|
Term
| the principle that says rock will be deposited horizontally |
|
Definition
| principle of original horizontality |
|
|
Term
| transgression in terms of beaches |
|
Definition
| when a beach moves upwards |
|
|
Term
| regression in terms of beaches |
|
Definition
| when beaches move down, sea level falls |
|
|
Term
| dip in terms of topography |
|
Definition
| the angle the hill makes to the "bed" (the ground) |
|
|
Term
| strike is perpindicular to what |
|
Definition
| dip is perpindicular to what |
|
|
Term
| this makes a break in a rock a fault |
|
Definition
| when there a movement across a break it means this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where actual center of earthquake is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
these are 5 causes of this
1. formation of a new fault
2. motion on an exisiting fault
3. atomic bomb tests
4. volanic eruptions
5. natural gas drilling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly above the hypocenter/focus at surface level |
|
|
Term
| hanging wall is above or below foot wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a normal fault, the hanging wall moves this way |
|
Definition
| when a hanging wall moves downward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of earth that is 7 km- 70 km thick |
|
|
Term
| oceanic crust has this makeup and is this thick |
|
Definition
| this is the section of the crust that is most mafic, and it is 7km-70km thick |
|
|
Term
| continental crust has this makeup and is this thick |
|
Definition
| this section of the crust is felsic or intermediate between felsic and mafic, and is 35-40 km thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boundary between crust and mantle, located between 7km and 70 km |
|
|
Term
| what begins when the crust ends as you go down |
|
Definition
| this is where you find the moho |
|
|
Term
| this devides the upper and lower mantle |
|
Definition
| the transition zone devides these two things |
|
|
Term
| rocks flow this may in the mantle |
|
Definition
| where rocks flow like wax |
|
|
Term
| mantle has solid or liquid rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the physical difference between minerals in the the upper and lower mantle and what causes this difference |
|
Definition
| the upper mantle has difference polymorph of the same mineral that is slightly more melted |
|
|
Term
| why there is a low-velocity zone in the upper mantle |
|
Definition
| this zone is in the upper mantle because rocks there are slightly melted |
|
|
Term
| the crust and the upper mantle has this name |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| athenosphere is below what |
|
Definition
| the athensophere is below the lithosphere |
|
|
Term
| compressional waves make up what type of earthquake wave |
|
Definition
| p-waves are made of this kind of wave |
|
|
Term
| shear waves make up what earthquake wave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rayleigh waves are surface waves that move in this direction |
|
Definition
| earthquake waves that go up and down |
|
|
Term
| love waves move in what way |
|
Definition
| these waves go side to side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interconnected system of ocean current that moves water from ocean to ocean |
|
|
Term
| what is the densest form of ocean water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the movement of water that leads to upwelling |
|
Definition
| when surface water is pushed away by wind, and water from lower down rises up |
|
|
Term
| the quality of the water brought to the surface during upwelling |
|
Definition
| nutrient-rich water is brought to the surface through this process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when wind pushes surface water over a point, and surface water sinks downwards |
|
|
Term
| the area over which wind blows in one direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two factors that contribute to wave size |
|
Definition
| fetch and wind speed contribute to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the zone affected by wave uprush and backwash |
|
|
Term
| the area between the farthest waves break the farthest back to sea they go |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| u-shaped valley with seawater at the bottom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coral reefs directly connected to the coast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coral reefs seperated from the coast by a lagoon |
|
Definition
| physical placement of barrier reefs |
|
|
Term
| doughnut shaped coral reef |
|
Definition
| phyiscal descriptional of atolls |
|
|
Term
| physical description of patch reefs |
|
Definition
| small patches of reefs near fringe reefs or in lagoons |
|
|
Term
| sea level change brings this immediate change to coastal enviornments |
|
Definition
| this is the cause of global rise in erosion of coastal environments |
|
|
Term
| baymouth bar/spit is caused by |
|
Definition
| longshore drift creates this long narrow extrusion of sandy land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when clastic sedimentary rocks cement together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a chemical, organic, or physical change undergone by sediment after it is deposited and before it is lithified
|
|
|
