Term
| the 8 main planets in our solar system are composed of ____,____, and _______ ______ in different proportions |
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Definition
| gaseous, liquid and solid materials |
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Term
| the earth is one of the 4 terrestrial planets which consists of... |
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Definition
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| __________are the building blocks of rocks |
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Definition
minerals
(Some rocks contain only one kind of mineral, whereas most rocks contain several different mineral types.) |
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Term
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Definition
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| how many different minerals? |
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Definition
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| 6 main minerals that make up the earth |
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Definition
| quartz, feldspar, olivine, spinel, perovskite, and native iron. |
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Term
| As a result of its ________ ________ and _____ ______ each type of mineral has a characteristic set of physical properties: |
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Definition
| definite chemical composition and regular structure, |
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Term
| The terrestrial planets are all density stratified |
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Definition
| they are composed of concentric layers of materials with different densities |
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Term
| the study of the mantle and core are mostly known through... |
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Definition
| studying the way earthquake (seismic) waves travel through them. |
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Term
| what 5 elements dominate most of the earth? |
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Definition
| iron 35%, oxygen 30%, silicon 15%, magnesium 13%, and aluminum 3% |
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Term
| Earth composition closely matches the composition of |
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Definition
| meteorites-leftover bits and pieces from the planet forming process. |
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Term
| The crust and upper-most mantle are the _________parts of Earth’s interior and together form a single strong, locally rigid layer named the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of the mantle beneath the lithosphere, to a depth of 350 km is called the_________. |
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Definition
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Term
| though a _____, the asthenosphere behaves like a ______at geologic time scales. |
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Definition
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Term
| The lower mantle region between the base of the asthenosphere and the top of the core is called the_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the earth is _______km in diameter |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of how materials deform is called |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main areas of earth science |
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Definition
| meteorology, oceanography, and geology |
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Term
| meteorology is the study of the... |
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Definition
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Term
| oceanography is the study of... |
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Definition
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Term
| geology is the study of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Gases readily change both _____and ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| rock within ________Earth’s surface actually behaves in ways we would normally call “solid” over the long term. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the telling feature of rocks and minerals |
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Definition
| the concentration of mass or mass per unit volume (density). |
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Term
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Definition
| force concentration (units of force per unit area) |
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Term
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Definition
| deformation concentration |
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Term
| what 2 forms does strain occur in? |
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Definition
compression/dialation- change in length
shear- change in shape |
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Term
| compression/dilation is measured in... |
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Definition
| terms of the ratio of the change in length of a sample divided by its original length. |
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Term
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Definition
| terms of the change in angle between originally perpendicular lines in the material. |
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Term
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Definition
| the measure of how rapidly strain occurs |
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Term
| deformation of rock depends on...(3) |
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Definition
| local pressure, temperature, and strain rate condidtions |
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Term
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Definition
| The atoms that make up the rock are forced closer or farther apart than normal, but the chemical bonds remain intact. This is the mechanism by which energy is stored in rock and released during earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which elastic deformation is no longer recoverable |
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Term
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Definition
| Cool rock strained at high strain rates tends to fracture. chemical bonds between the atoms in the rock are permanently broken along discrete fracture surfaces.(faulting) |
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Definition
| At high temperatures and low strain rates. As the chemical bonds break and the atoms slide past each other, new bonds form between newly adjacent atoms. Permanent deformation of a solid that leaves the material intact. |
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Term
| Relatively little was known about how rock deforms under geologic conditions until... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the surface of Earth is divided into a number of separate segments or plates that move relative to one another, more or less without changing shape. |
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Term
| what are the 3 tyoes of plate boundaries? |
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Definition
divergent-move apart
convergent-collide
transform-slide |
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Term
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Definition
| rotation of Earth about its axis |
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Term
| what makes plate tectonics possible? |
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Definition
| the ductile strength, particularly of the asthenosphere, is vanishingly small compared to the brittle strength. |
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Term
| what could drive the plates to move? |
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Definition
body force- which are forces distributed over the volume of a body, rather than applied at a point on the surface of the body
edge force- They could also be driven (or slowed) by forces applied along the plate boundaries or |
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Term
| Weight, magnetic attraction, and electrostatic attraction are all examples of_________ |
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Definition
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Term
| . A prime suspect for a plate-driving body force is ____________ Like weight it is a gravitational force. It causes relatively low density materials to rise through high density fluids and high density materials to sink through low density fluids. |
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Definition
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Term
| oceanic __________ is denser than the underlying_____________. |
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Definition
| lithosphere; athenosphere |
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Term
| we discovered that rock can exhibit __________properties under geologic conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| in the _________, where the rocks are relatively cool and under low confining pressure, _______ and ___________deformation dominate. |
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Definition
| upper crust; elastic; brittle |
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Term
| Rock in the upper crust tends to deform...... |
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Definition
| elastically. to the limit |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture surfaces in rock, across which there has been displacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rock masses to either side of the fault surface are called |
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Term
| It is the interplay between ___________ __________ and ___________ ________ along faults that produces earthquakes. |
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Definition
| elastic deformation; frictional slip |
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Term
| . The driving force of faulting in the Gulf coast is....... |
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Definition
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Term
| Depending on the properties of the rock, the release of stored elastic energy during fault motion can be violent producing... |
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Definition
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Term
| The faults that produce earthquakes are in hard rocks that can store lots of elastic energy before failure. This style of fault motion is called..... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Faults in soft rock fail before significant amounts of elastic energy can be stored. |
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Term
| Intervals along which a fault exhibits the same behavior are called __________of the fault |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sub-discipline of geology that deals with faults and other forms of crustal deformation i |
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Term
| Locally, faults can be thought of as _________surfaces. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ of the plane is the angle a horizontal line on the plane makes with north. |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle the fault surface makes with a horizontal line perpendicular to the strike direction is called the fault's... |
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Definition
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Term
| For faults with dips other than 90º (vertical), the adjacent fault blocks are named according to their position relative to the fault surface. 2 kinds |
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Definition
foot-wall block-the block the lies beneath the fault surface
hanging-wall block-the block that lies on top of the fault surface. |
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Term
| __________faults have motion only in the vertical plane, parallel to the dip direction. relative motion of the hanging-wall and foot-wall blocks |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ faults, the hanging-wall block slides down relative to the foot-wall block. |
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Definition
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Term
| . In ____________faulting, the relative motion of the fault blocks is horizontal. they are further divided into _____________ and left-lateral _________ faults, |
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Definition
| strike slip: right lateral; left lateral |
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Term
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Definition
| involve the periodic or cyclic conversion of energy from one form to another and back again. |
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Term
| radio waves are an example of __________waves |
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Definition
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Term
| involve the conversion of energy in an electrical field to energy in a magnetic field and back again as the waves travel. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| seismic waves are on example of________waves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which elastic energy stored in the rocks next to the fault travels to surrounding areas during an earthquake. |
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Term
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Definition
| The length of time between successive maximum or minimum displacements |
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Term
| The distance between particle positions at the maximum and minimum displacement positions |
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Definition
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Term
| distance between maximum or minimum displacement points along the wave path |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 main types of waves that travel through elastic solids? |
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Definition
body waves-travel through the interior of the elastic bodies
surface waves- travel along the surface |
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Term
| 2 divisions of body waves |
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Definition
compressional waves- alternating compressing and dilating the rock
shear waves- shearing the rock side to side
COMPRESSIONAL=FASTER |
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Term
| earthquakes are studied by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| recording of ground motion as earthquake waves pass different points on the earths surface |
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Term
| systematic study of earthquakes |
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Definition
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Term
| why was the development of seismology delayed? |
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Definition
| because we cant see seismic waves with the naked eye...unless at the epicenter |
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Term
| who invented devices that could detect an earthquake? |
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Definition
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Term
| who invented seismographs? |
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Definition
| Filippo Cecchi and John Milne |
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Term
| motion detecting device in early seismographs |
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Definition
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Term
| Analysis of P- and S-wave travel times from many earthquakes led to the development of ____________that predicted wave _______ _________versus distance. |
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Definition
| travel time curves; arrival times |
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Term
| by what year were the base of the crust, the core, and the inner core discovered |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relative size of earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| developed the first quantitative scale of earthquake size in the late 1930’s. |
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Term
| what were the limitations of the early mechanical seismographs? |
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Definition
| they could not amplify the ground motion enough to see seismic waves at any great distance from the epicenter. |
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Term
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Definition
| predict wave arrival time |
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Term
| What makes earthquakes dangerous, and of so much interest to society? |
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Definition
| the effect they have on manmade structures. |
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Term
| 4 factors that contribute to the survivability of structures..... |
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Definition
(1) the local geology of the building site,
(2) materials used in construction,
(3) the size and shape of the building, and
(4) the design of the building’s internal structure, (most important) |
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Term
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Definition
| when material like silt anc clay flow like liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| materials such as brick, stone, and concrete block, fail at much lower levels of shaking than either wood-frame or steel construction. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a mass on a rod. The length and stiffness of the rod control its period. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sway period of a pendulum |
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Term
| floor and column building construction |
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Definition
| each floor is supported by four or more vertical columns, which stand on the foundation or the floor below. (little material-little cost) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tsunamis are normally started by the ____________displacements of the seafloor by ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock below earh's surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 igneous rock subclasses |
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Definition
intrusive- formed by slow cooling magma
estrusive- rapid cooling (aka volcanic rocks) |
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Term
| the composition of rocks refers to\... |
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Definition
| chemicals or minerals in the rock and their relative abundance. |
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Term
| the most common rocks on earth contain significant amounts of ________ and _________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rocks with high silicon and oxygen content
(low densities) |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively low si and o content (high densities) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| kind of volcanic glass that has so many small bubble holes that the rock is less dense than water. |
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Definition
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Term
| gas bubbles in molten rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Welded mixtures of particles of different sizes are called....... |
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Definition
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Definition
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