Term
| Order of the Earth's Structure |
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Definition
| Inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, oceanic and continental crust |
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Definition
| gooey, weak layer the plates need to slide along |
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Definition
| Strong (Lith=Rock), made of uppermost mantle and continental crust |
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Definition
| point on surface of earthquake |
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Definition
| point within earth of earthquake |
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Term
| what happens to the soil after a volcanoe |
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Definition
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Definition
| Darker, denser, Fe-Mg rich, Density= 30gm/cm3, thickness= 7km, surface elevation= -3800 |
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Term
| Continental crust properties |
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Definition
| lighter coloured, low density, Silica-rich rock, Density= 2.65gm/cm, Thickness=15-80km 35-40km, Elevation= 840m |
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Term
| relationship between thickness and elevation |
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Definition
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Term
| Topographic Map & Shaded relief map |
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Definition
pg 31 Topographic Map shows elevation contours
Shaded Relief Map shades valleys (radiation) |
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Term
| Satellite Image & Geologic Map |
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Definition
Satellite- image assigns a colour to an amount of radiation
Geologic- created after colour assignments |
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Definition
| Elevation difference between 2 places (Topography) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Features Depicted in the surface ch2 |
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Definition
1. Block Diagram
2. Cross section
3. Stratigraphic Sequence |
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Term
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Definition
Description with words/ sentences
ie brown rock, white sand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth crust like a cracked egg |
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Term
| Observations vs interpretation |
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Definition
Obs- good forever
Int- can evolve |
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Term
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Definition
Based on changes of life through time.
Precambrian - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic |
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Definition
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Definition
-displacement in surface of earthquake zone
-water come up through the base odf a mountain. Dangerous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greatest source of energy for Earth |
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Term
| Which Sphere is most essential for maintaining life on earth? |
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Definition
| All the spheres are needed: atmosphere, biosphere, athenosphere, hydrosphere. |
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Definition
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Definition
| poorly sorted, moderately sorted, well sorted (mexico sand) |
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Definition
| where sediment gets deposited in ocean |
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Term
| What happens when rain falls on a sediment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Erosion, transport, deposition |
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Definition
sediment particles broken down
move
settle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shallow clear water with fine particles |
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Term
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Definition
| Wind deposits fine particles |
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Definition
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Term
| deep sea floor and landslides |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Represents type of particles |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical and physical weathering |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical and physical weathering |
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Term
| How does sand become a rock? |
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Definition
| Lithification and Deposition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| poorly sorted angular clasts |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
horizontal layers
ie thick layer formation
think layer formation |
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Term
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Definition
Parallel - paper stacked
Cross - sand dunes
Graded - coarser particles |
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Term
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Definition
| fine grain and flakes of clay material |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller pores than shale and contains silt not clay |
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Term
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Definition
where sand is laid down and buried.
offshore from river deltas, desert dunes and beaches |
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Term
| 5 principles of relative dating |
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Definition
| • principle of horizontality • principle of superposition • principle of cross-cutting • principle of inclusion • principle of faunal succession |
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Term
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Definition
gap in time
buried erosion surfaces
angular |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 kinds of chemical weathering |
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Definition
dissolution-sink holes
oxidation- rust
biological- decay
hydrolysis- exposed to acid |
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Term
| How are animals preserved as fossils 5 ways |
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Definition
1. replaced by hard minerals
2. organic material replaced by silica
3. bury & decay leaves cavity in rock
4. carbon
5. Impressions |
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Term
| Mesozoic animals vs Cenozoic animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Movement of air in the atmosphere
Pressure differences |
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Term
| How does wind transport material? |
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Definition
| Bouncing, rolling, suspension |
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Term
| what causes short term climate changes? |
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Definition
| Changes in wind and ocean depending on latitude of area |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in wind direction can cause torrential rainstorms |
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Term
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Definition
1. unusual shift in wind direction
2. atypical weather for that area
3. change in direction/strength of ocean current |
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Term
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Definition
converting other lands to deserts.
ie. long drought, overgrazing, poor farming. |
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Term
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Definition
| sand/ gravel rich channels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sufficient supply of sand and if wind is strong |
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Definition
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Definition
| natural pavement armoured by rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulate minerals that dissolve in rainwater |
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Term
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Definition
| rock coated with Fe and Mn |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical streaks of red, black, brown |
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Term
| Relationship with Climate, Tectonics, and Landscape Evolution. |
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Definition
Tectonics affect ocean current and uplift landscape.
Plate movement changes relative location. |
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Term
| What causes high and low tide? |
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Definition
| Moon - 2/3 gravitational influence |
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Term
How do waves form?
properties of wave |
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Definition
wind
vertical wavelength is 1/2 of horizontal wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
| when the vertical length becomes less than 1/2 |
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Term
| 3 landforms that occur along shoreline |
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Definition
Split
Baymouth bar
Barrier Island |
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Term
| What changes about a river as it flows downstream? |
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Definition
Gradient of river
Temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| stream flowing from glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| Water coming down mountain transports everything (sediments) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rocks jump and move in water |
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Term
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Definition
| tool used to measure velocity |
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Term
| Where is the rivers fastest velocity? Why? |
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Definition
| just below the surface because there is friction at the top and at the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical change/horizontal dist |
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Term
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Definition
| a second stream that joins the river |
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Term
| Where does most of the worlds water reside? %? |
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Definition
Ocean - 96.5%
Fresh water - 3.5% |
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Term
| Of the fresh water what are the settings where it occurs? |
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Definition
Ice caps/ glaciers- 68.7%
Ground water - 30.1%
Other - 0.9% |
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Term
| Fresh surface water percentages |
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Definition
Lakes - 87%
Swamps - 11%
Rivers - 2% |
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Term
| Where is ground water found? |
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Definition
| in open pores between sediment grains or fractures. |
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Term
| What does the water table represent? |
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Definition
| where the water sits in the ground. |
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Term
Porosity/ Permiability
+ example of each high and low |
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Definition
Por- % of volume in a rock that is open space. ie high-loose clay rich sediments. low-igneous or metamorphic.
Perm- the ability of a material to transmit fluid. ie high-well connected fractures. low-opposite. |
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Term
| What is a spring and what's required to have one? |
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Definition
Where groundwater flows out of the ground to surface.
1.aquifers
2.ontop of unconformity
3.fault to flow out of
4.flow through permiable rock then encounters a less permiable object then - unconfined/ confined. |
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Term
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Definition
| a limestone that is usually banded and porous |
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Term
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Definition
| topography characterized by sinkholes, caves, limestone pillars, poor drainage patterns, & disappearing streams. |
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Term
| How can water become contaminated? |
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Definition
| landfills, natural causes (weathering of chemical elements), leaky pipelines, farms, human waste. |
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