Term
| The principal controls and influences of temperature patterns include |
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Definition
| , altitude, land-water heating differences, cloud cover, ocean currents, and surface conditions. |
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Term
| The land surface cools off more rapidly at night than water does because |
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Definition
correct: all of these answers
a. the energy is stored in a shallow layer near the surface of the land, and so it can be radiated away faster.
b. the amount of energy stored in the land is less than that stored in the water column.
c. water has a higher specific heat than the solids that make up the land.
d. all of these answers (except "none") are true. |
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Term
| Which of the following is true regarding the specific heat of land and water? |
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Definition
The temperature or water will rise faster than that of land when exposed to the same amount of insolation.
c. Land surfaces have a higher specific heat than water surfaces. |
|
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Term
| . If the Gulf Stream shifted away from Iceland and England, winter temperatures in these locations would |
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Definition
| become cooler, thereby decreasing the average winter temperature. |
|
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Term
| Which of the following experiences the least continentality |
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Definition
| . a small tropical island |
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Term
| Which of the following experiences the least continentality? |
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Definition
| . a small tropical island |
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Term
| An isoline that connects all points of the same temperature on a map is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| . The isotherm that connects all points of highest mean temperature on a world map is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following is true of the thermal equator during the month of July? |
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Definition
| It trends poleward over continents and equatorward over oceans. |
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Term
| Which of the following is true |
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Definition
| Northern Hemisphere temperatures are more strongly dominated by continentality than are Southern Hemisphere temperatures. |
|
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Term
| . The annual temperature range map (below) shows that the |
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Definition
| greatest ranges occur in east central Siberia in Russia. |
|
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Term
| Which of the following is not a correct expression for standard atmospheric pressure at sea level? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| . Air flows _________ a surface high pressure area because the air in the high pressure zone is _______ than that of the surrounding air |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Wind speed is measured instrumentally with |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following matches is correct relative to air circulation |
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Definition
| cyclone = clockwise circulation in the Southern Hemisphere |
|
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Term
| The wind belts used by mariners to travel from Europe to North America during the days of sailing ships were the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| . The dominant surface winds from the subtropics to high latitudes are the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following is true of Hadley cells? |
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Definition
| They appear vertically symmetrical on eather side of the equator. |
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Term
| Which of the following describes the pressure gradient force? |
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Definition
| It drives air from areas of higher to lower barometric pressure |
|
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Term
| . An isoline of equal pressure plotted on a weather map is known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| . On a weather map of air pressure, what can you infer from a closer spacing of isobars? |
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Definition
| the pressure gradient is steep, creating a faster flow of air |
|
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Term
| If the Earth did not rotate, air would flow |
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Definition
| perpendicular to the isobars, i.e. straight across the isobars. |
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Term
| According to the text, which of the following is true regarding the effects of the Coriolis force? |
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Definition
| The Coriolis force is zero along the equator, increasing to one-half of maximum at 30 degrees latitude and maximum at the poles. |
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Term
| Which of the following is true of objects and wind moving over distance and time on Earth's surface? |
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Definition
| They are apparently deflected from a straight path to the right in the Northern Hemisphere |
|
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Term
| . In the absence of friction, the combined effect of the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force produces |
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Definition
| . geostrophic winds at altitude above the ground. |
|
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Term
| . The intertropical convergence zone is characterized by |
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Definition
| . convergence and uplift of warm surface air. |
|
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Term
| Air flow in a Northern Hemisphere high pressure zone is |
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Definition
| downward, outward, and clockwise. |
|
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Term
| During the winter, the Bermuda High migrates to the ________ and becomes the _______. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is associated with |
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Definition
| the equatorial low-pressure trough. |
|
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Term
| Land-sea breezes are caused by |
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Definition
| (toward the land) air flows that develop in the afternoon as the land heats faster than neighboring water surfaces. |
|
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Term
. The two major, forceful northward flowing warm currents in the Northern Hemisphere are the
a. equatorial countercurrents.
b. California and Peru currents. |
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Definition
| Gulf Stream and Kuroshio currents. |
|
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Term
| Major ocean currents are produced by |
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Definition
| frictional drag of winds and the Coriolis force and water density differences |
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Term
| Earth is most properly characterized as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Water covers about _______ percent of the Earth's surface. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| According to the text, the present quantity of water on Earth was achieved approximately ______ years before the present. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Other than ice sheets and glaciers, the largest repository of fresh water is located in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Liquid water has a density of approximately: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following is true regarding the evaporation of water off a lake that has a surface temperature of 20 degrees C (68 deg. F)? |
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Definition
| The phase change involves the latent heat of evaporation, or 585 calories per gram. |
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Term
| When water condenses, it ____________ heat energy and ____________ the surrounding air. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In order to melt two grams of ice, how many calories of heat energy must be added to the ice during its phase change? (Note that the specific heat of water = 1 cal/gm; the heat of fusion = 80 cal/gm; the heat of vaporization = 585 cal/gm; and the heat of sublimation = 670 cal/gm). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| . In winter (even in Florida - this has happened to the professor's house) freezing water can break water pipes and even crack automobile engine blocks. Why does this happen? |
|
Definition
| Water expands in volume as it freezes as a consequence of hydrogen bonding. |
|
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Term
| Relative humidity isRelative humidity is |
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Definition
| the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature expressed as a percentage of the moisture-holding capacity of the air. |
|
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Term
| The capacity of the air to hold water vapor is basically a function of |
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Definition
| the temperature of both the water vapor and the air. |
|
|
Term
| . A mass of air always becomes saturated when it reaches the |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| A humidity measure that remains constant as temperature and pressure change, and which is expressed as a mass of water vapor per mass of air, is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . All adiabatic temperature changes occur as a result of |
|
Definition
| expansion or compression of the air. |
|
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Term
| The moist adiabatic rate (MAR) is __________ the dry adiabatic rate because ________. |
|
Definition
| less than; condensation heats the air |
|
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Term
| An air parcel is considered unstable when it |
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Definition
| continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar density. |
|
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Term
| When the environmental lapse rate is between the dry and moist adiabatic rates, conditions are described as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Air that is not saturated will cool or heat at a rate of ____________ as it rises or descends, respectively. |
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Definition
| 10 C degrees per 1000 m (5.5 F per 1000 ft) |
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Term
| Areas between 25 and 35 degrees north latitude usually are ____________ because this area is dominated by air that is sinking and being ________? |
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Definition
| deserts; heated by compression |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the short-term condition of the atmosphere. |
|
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Term
| The condensation process requires |
|
Definition
| condensation nuclei and saturated air. |
|
|
Term
| . The principal process for raindrop formation in tropical warm clouds is |
|
Definition
| collision-coalescence processes. |
|
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Term
| Collision-coalescence and the Bergeron process both act to |
|
Definition
| increase the size of water droplets and ice crystals. |
|
|
Term
| . Florida has the highest thunderstorm frequency in the U.S. because |
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Definition
| All of these answers (except "none") are correct. |
|
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Term
| . Which of the following is incorrect? |
|
Definition
| . fog = a stratus cloud that is high in elevation off the ground. |
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